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      Plant Biodiversity Change Across Scales During the Anthropocene

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          A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits

          A new framework for measuring functional diversity (FD) from multiple traits has recently been proposed. This framework was mostly limited to quantitative traits without missing values and to situations in which there are more species than traits, although the authors had suggested a way to extend their framework to other trait types. The main purpose of this note is to further develop this suggestion. We describe a highly flexible distance-based framework to measure different facets of FD in multidimensional trait space from any distance or dissimilarity measure, any number of traits, and from different trait types (i.e., quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative). This new approach allows for missing trait values and the weighting of individual traits. We also present a new multidimensional FD index, called functional dispersion (FDis), which is closely related to Rao's quadratic entropy. FDis is the multivariate analogue of the weighted mean absolute deviation (MAD), in which the weights are species relative abundances. For unweighted presence-absence data, FDis can be used for a formal statistical test of differences in FD. We provide the "FD" R language package to easily implement our distance-based FD framework.
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            Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes.

            The species richness (diversity) of local plant and animal assemblages-biological communities-balances regional processes of species formation and geographic dispersal, which add species to communities, against processes of predation, competitive exclusion, adaptation, and stochastic variation, which may promote local extinction. During the past three decades, ecologists have sought to explain differences in local diversity by the influence of the physical environment on local interactions among species, interactions that are generally believed to limit the number of coexisting species. But diversity of the biological community often fails to converge under similar physical conditions, and local diversity bears a demonstrable dependence upon regional diversity. These observations suggest that regional and historical processes, as well as unique events and circumstances, profoundly influence local community structure. Ecologists must broaden their concepts of community processes and incorporate data from systematics, biogeography, and paleontology into analyses of ecological patterns and tests of community theory.
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              Changes in Plant Community Diversity and Floristic Composition on Environmental and Geographical Gradients

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Plant Biology
                Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.
                Annual Reviews
                1543-5008
                1545-2123
                April 28 2017
                April 28 2017
                : 68
                : 1
                : 563-586
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040949
                28125286
                25e9cdc9-19cc-465a-ada8-4a9f12371546
                © 2017
                History

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