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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

      105,621 Monthly downloads/views I 7.033 Impact Factor I 10.9 CiteScore I 1.22 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 1.032 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Nanosilver particles in medical applications: synthesis, performance, and toxicity

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          Abstract

          Nanosilver particles (NSPs), are among the most attractive nanomaterials, and have been widely used in a range of biomedical applications, including diagnosis, treatment, drug delivery, medical device coating, and for personal health care. With the increasing application of NSPs in medical contexts, it is becoming necessary for a better understanding of the mechanisms of NSPs’ biological interactions and their potential toxicity. In this review, we first introduce the synthesis routes of NSPs, including physical, chemical, and biological or green synthesis. Then the unique physiochemical properties of NSPs, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activity, are discussed in detail. Further, some recent applications of NSPs in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in medical fields are described. Finally, potential toxicology considerations of NSPs, both in vitro and in vivo, are also addressed.

          Most cited references80

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          Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species.

          C. Carlson, S. Hussain, A M Schrand … (2008)
          The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has created a vast array of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) which have unique physical (size, shape, crystallinity, surface charge) and chemical (surface coating, elemental composition and solubility) attributes. These physicochemical properties of ENMs can produce chemical conditions to induce a pro-oxidant environment in the cells, causing an imbalanced cellular energy system dependent on redox potential and thereby leading to adverse biological consequences, ranging from the initiation of inflammatory pathways through to cell death. The present study was designed to evaluate size-dependent cellular interactions of known biologically active silver nanoparticles (NPs, Ag-15 nm, Ag-30 nm, and Ag-55 nm). Alveolar macrophages provide the first defense and were studied for their potential role in initiating oxidative stress. Cell exposure produced morphologically abnormal sizes and adherence characteristics with significant NP uptake at high doses after 24 h. Toxicity evaluations using mitochondrial and cell membrane viability along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed. After 24 h of exposure, viability metrics significantly decreased with increasing dose (10-75 microg/mL) of Ag-15 nm and Ag-30 nm NPs. A more than 10-fold increase of ROS levels in cells exposed to 50 microg/mL Ag-15 nm suggests that the cytotoxicity of Ag-15 nm is likely to be mediated through oxidative stress. In addition, activation of the release of traditional inflammatory mediators were examined by measuring levels of cytokines/chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), released into the culture media. After 24 h of exposure to Ag-15 nm nanoparticles, a significant inflammatory response was observed by the release of TNF-alpha, MIP-2, and IL-1beta. However, there was no detectable level of IL-6 upon exposure to silver nanoparticles. In summary, a size-dependent toxicity was produced by silver nanoparticles, and one predominant mechanism of toxicity was found to be largely mediated through oxidative stress.
          Article 0 comments Cited 411 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application.

            X. Chen, H J Schluesener (2008)
            Nanotechnology is a most promising field for generating new applications in medicine. However, only few nanoproducts are currently in use for medical purposes. A most prominent nanoproduct is nanosilver. Nanosilver particles are generally smaller than 100nm and contain 20-15,000 silver atoms. At nanoscale, silver exhibits remarkably unusual physical, chemical and biological properties. Due to its strong antibacterial activity, nanosilver coatings are used on various textiles but as well as coatings on certain implants. Further, nanosilver is used for treatment of wounds and burns or as a contraceptive and marketed as a water disinfectant and room spray. Thus, use of nanosilver is becoming more and more widespread in medicine and related applications and due to increasing exposure toxicological and environmental issues need to be raised. In sharp contrast to the attention paid to new applications of nanosilver, few studies provide only scant insights into the interaction of nanosilver particle with the human body after entering via different portals. Biodistribution, organ accumulation, degradation, possible adverse effects and toxicity are only slowly recognized and this review is focusing on major questions associated with the increased medical use of nanosilver and related nanomaterials.
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              In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells.

              S. Hussain, K. L. Hess, J Gearhart … (2005)
              This study was undertaken to address the current deficient knowledge of cellular response to nanosized particle exposure. The study evaluated the acute toxic effects of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles proposed for future use in industrial production methods using the in vitro rat liver derived cell line (BRL 3A). Different sizes of nanoparticles such as silver (Ag; 15, 100 nm), molybdenum (MoO(3); 30, 150 nm), aluminum (Al; 30, 103 nm), iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4); 30, 47 nm), and titanium dioxide (TiO(2); 40 nm) were evaluated for their potential toxicity. We also assessed the toxicity of relatively larger particles of cadmium oxide (CdO; 1 microm), manganese oxide (MnO(2); 1-2 microm), and tungsten (W; 27 microm), to compare the cellular toxic responses with respect to the different sizes of nanoparticles with different core chemical compositions. For toxicity evaluations, cellular morphology, mitochondrial function (MTT assay), membrane leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH assay), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed under control and exposed conditions (24h of exposure). Results showed that mitochondrial function decreased significantly in cells exposed to Ag nanoparticles at 5-50 microg/ml. However, Fe(3)O(4), Al, MoO(3) and TiO(2) had no measurable effect at lower doses (10-50 microg/ml), while there was a significant effect at higher levels (100-250 microg/ml). LDH leakage significantly increased in cells exposed to Ag nanoparticles (10-50 microg/ml), while the other nanoparticles tested displayed LDH leakage only at higher doses (100-250 microg/ml). In summary the Ag was highly toxic whereas, MoO(3) moderately toxic and Fe(3)O(4), Al, MnO(2) and W displayed less or no toxicity at the doses tested. The microscopic studies demonstrated that nanoparticle-exposed cells at higher doses became abnormal in size, displaying cellular shrinkage, and an acquisition of an irregular shape. Due to toxicity of silver, further study conducted with reference to its oxidative stress. The results exhibited significant depletion of GSH level, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in ROS levels, which suggested that cytotoxicity of Ag (15, 100 nm) in liver cells is likely to be mediated through oxidative stress.
              Article 0 comments Cited 392 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (publisher-id): International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Title: International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9114
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2013
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 May 2014
                Volume: 9
                Pages: 2399-2407
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
                [3 ]Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
                [4 ]Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
                [5 ]Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
                [6 ]School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
                [7 ]Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Malcolm MQ Xing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 75A Chancellors Circle, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada, Tel +1 204 480 1396, Fax +1 204 275 7507, Email xing@ 123456cc.umanitoba.ca
                Xiaojian Li, Department of Plastic Surgery, Southern Hospital, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, 510515, Tel +86 137 9810 3669, Email lixj1999@ 123456smu.edu.cn
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                Publisher ID: ijn-9-2399
                DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S55015
                PMC ID: 4037247
                PubMed ID: 24876773
                SO-VID: 2638b672-e537-4748-b11a-2a6c149b5a00
                Copyright © © 2014 Ge et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License
                License:

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: nanosilver particles,synthesis,biomedical application,toxicity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: nanosilver particles, synthesis, biomedical application, toxicity

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