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      The relationship between obesity and body compositions with respect to the timing of puberty in Chongqing adolescents: a cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Background

          It is well known that excess adiposity during childhood may influence pubertal development. However, the extent to which body compositions vary in throughout puberty in boys and girls is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity and body compositions correlate with the timing of puberty in boys and girls.

          Methods

          By random cluster sampling, our study analyzed data from 1472 students (690 girls, 782 boys) aged 6–17 years from two schools in the Chongqing area. Data were collected by physical examination of weight, height, and skinfold thicknesses. Testicular volume was measured in boys and breast development in girls. By which we got the indicators of obesity, timing of puberty and body compositions. Probit regression analysis was used to group subjects into early puberty (>P 25), on-time puberty (P 25 ~ P 75), and delayed puberty (<P 75). Chi-square test was applied to assess the distribution differences of fat levels among puberty groups by sex. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to examine the association between timing of puberty and body composition indicators.

          Results

          There were significant differences in the distribution of fat levels (normal weigh, overweight, obesity) among different pubertal groups in different sex (boys: χ2 = 10.639, P = 0.031; girls: χ2 = 63.232, P = 0.000). Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that percentage of body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass in the delayed puberty girls were significantly lower than the girls in the on-time puberty and early puberty, while body density had the opposite result (all P < 0.001). Body density, percentage of body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass of boys all had no significant difference among different timing of puberty groups (all P > 0.05).

          Conclusions

          In girls, delayed puberty was negatively correlated with Obesity, percentage of body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass, and positively correlated with body density. But in boys, delayed puberty was only negatively correlated with Obesity, the relation between puberty and body compositions was not found.

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          Most cited references29

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          Childhood body composition in relation to body mass index.

          The aim is to describe body composition in relation to body mass index (BMI; body weight/stature(2)) to provide health care professionals insight into the meaning, significance, and limitations of BMI as an index of adiposity during childhood. Data from 387 healthy, white children 8 to 18 years of age from the Fels Longitudinal Study were analyzed. Measurements were scheduled annually and each child was examined 1 to 11 times, totaling 1748 observations. Total body fat (TBF) and fat-free mass (FFM) were determined from hydrodensitometry. Stature and weight were measured using standard methods and BMI and the components of BMI, TBF/stature(2), and FFM/stature(2) were calculated. Analyses included correlations between BMI and body composition variables; age-related patterns of BMI, TBF/stature(2), and FFM/stature(2); and annual changes in BMI, TBF/stature(2), and FFM/stature(2). Generally, correlations between BMI and body composition variables were strong and significantly different from zero. Means for BMI throughout childhood were similar for boys and girls, although significantly larger values were observed for girls at ages 12 to 13 years. Age-related patterns of TBF/stature(2) and FFM/stature(2) differed between sexes. In each sex, annual increases in BMI were driven primarily by increases in FFM/stature(2) until late adolescence, with increases in TBF/stature(2) contributing to a larger proportion of the BMI increases in girls than in boys. Unlike adults, annual increases in BMI during childhood are generally attributed to the lean rather than to the fat component of BMI. Because the properties of BMI vary during childhood, health care professionals must consider factors such as age and sex when interpreting BMI.
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            A reappraisal of caloric requirements in healthy women.

            The caloric expenditure of 44 healthy, lean and obese women, 8 of whom were trained athletes, was measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition was determined. Ages ranged from 18-65 yr and body weights from 43-143 kg. Stepwise, multiple-regression analysis was used to determine whether one or several variables best predicted the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of the women. The RMR and the thermic effect of food (TEF) were measured before and after the women consumed a mixed breakfast meal. The results showed that the currently available tables and regression equations overestimate the RMR of healthy women by 7-14%. Body weight was highly related to the RMR, and stepwise inclusions of various variables did not improve predictions of RMR. The slopes of the regression lines for nonathletes and athletes were significantly different. Regression equations for predicting RMR of women were developed: Nonathletes RMR = 795 + 7.18 kg WT; Athletes RMR = 50.4 + 21.1 kg WT. The range of RMR per kilogram body weight was wide for nonathletic, but narrow for athletic women. The metabolism of some lean and obese, nonathletic women was highly efficient, predisposing these women for developing and maintaining body fat. The TEFs were indistinguishable between nonathletic and athletic women, and formed a continuum from the lightest to the heaviest woman.
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              Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study.

              To evaluate the impact of early, mid-onset, and late maturation, as assessed by timing of menarche, on height, height velocity, weight, body mass index, and sum of skinfolds in a group of white and black girls. The Growth and Health Study recruited 9- and 10-year-old girls from Richmond, California, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington, DC. There were 616 white and 539 black participants recruited at age 9 and 550 white and 674 black participants recruited at age 10. Participants were seen annually for 10 visits. Longitudinal regression models were used to test for differences in each growth measure by timing of menarche across all ages and to determine whether these differences change with age. Mean age at menarche among white participants was 12.7 years, and among black participants, 12.0 years. According to race-specific 20th and 80th percentiles, early maturers were tallest at early ages and shortest after adult stature had been attained. Peak height velocity and post-menarche increment in stature were greatest in early maturers and least in late maturers. Weight was greatest in early and least in late maturers, as was body mass index. Sum of skinfolds was also greatest in early and least in late maturers. There was no impact of timing of maturation on two common measures of regional fat distribution. Girls who matured early were shorter in early adulthood, despite having greater peak height velocity and post-menarchal increment in height. Throughout puberty, early maturers had greater ponderosity and adiposity, although there was no association with regional distribution of fat.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                752388678@qq.com
                1316122336@qq.com
                liuqin81622@163.com
                Donna.Crabtree@duke.edu
                1938743728@qq.com
                wangh3017@163.com
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                18 August 2017
                18 August 2017
                2017
                : 17
                : 664
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8653 0555, GRID grid.203458.8, , School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, ; Chongqing, 400016 China
                [2 ]Chongqing Health Information Center, Chongqing, 400016 China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, GRID grid.26009.3d, , Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, ; Durham, NC 27708 USA
                [4 ]ISNI 0000000100241216, GRID grid.189509.c, , School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, ; Durham, NC 27705 USA
                Article
                4681
                10.1186/s12889-017-4681-1
                5563015
                28821292
                263a47b3-7664-4b43-82b6-653dad677e14
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 16 December 2016
                : 13 August 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81302449
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Public health
                obesity,body compositions,timing of puberty,adolescents
                Public health
                obesity, body compositions, timing of puberty, adolescents

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