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      The Effect of Co-administration of 4-Methylcatechol and Progesterone on Sciatic Nerve Function and Neurohistological Alterations in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy in Rats

      research-article
      , Ph.D. 1 , * , , Ph.D. 2
      Cell Journal (Yakhteh)
      Royan Institute
      Diabetic Neuropathy, Sciatic Nerve, Progesterone, 4-Methylcatechol, Rat

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the nervous system. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effects of combined administration of 4-methylcatechol (4-MC) and progesterone (P) as a potential therapeutic tool for sciatic nerve function improvement and its role in histomorphological alterations in diabetic neuropathy in rats.

          Materials and Methods:

          Male adult rats were divided into 3 groups: sham operated control (CO), untreated diabetic (DM) and diabetic treated with progesterone and 4-methylcatechol (DMP4MC) groups. Diabetes was induced by a single dose injection of 55 mg/ kg streptozotocin (STZ). Four weeks after the STZ administration, the DMP4MC group was treated with P and 4-MC for 6 weeks. Then, following anesthesia, the animals' sciatic nerves were removed and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as histological evaluation.

          Results:

          Diabetic rats showed a statistically significant reduction in motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), nerve blood flow (NBF), mean myelinated fiber (MF) diameters and myelin sheath thickness of the sciatic nerve after 10 weeks. In the sciatic nerve of the untreated diabetic group, endoneurial edema and increased number of myelinated fibers with myelin abnormalities such as infolding into the axoplasm, irregularity of fibers and alteration in myelin compaction were also observed. Treatment of diabetic rats with a combination of P and 4-MC significantly increased MNCV and NBF and prevented endoneurial edema and all myelin abnormalities.

          Conclusion:

          Our findings indicated that co-administration of P and 4-MC may prevent sciatic nerve dysfunction and histomorphological alterations in experimental diabetic neuropathy.

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          Most cited references39

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          Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.

          Oxidative stress results from a cell or tissue failing to detoxify the free radicals that are produced during metabolic activity. Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that produces dysregulation of cellular metabolism. This review explores the concept that diabetes overloads glucose metabolic pathways, resulting in excess free radical production and oxidative stress. Evidence is presented to support the idea that both chronic and acute hyperglycemia cause oxidative stress in the peripheral nervous system that can promote the development of diabetic neuropathy. Proteins that are damaged by oxidative stress have decreased biological activity leading to loss of energy metabolism, cell signaling, transport, and, ultimately, to cell death. Examination of the data from animal and cell culture models of diabetes, as well as clinical trials of antioxidants, strongly implicates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy. We conclude that striving for superior antioxidative therapies remains essential for the prevention of neuropathy in diabetic patients.
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            Diabetic neuropathy and oxidative stress.

            This review will focus on the impact of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the development of diabetes-related neural dysfunction. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of cells or tissues to detoxify the free radicals produced during metabolic activity is tilted in the favor of the former. Although hyperglycemia plays a key role in inducing oxidative stress in the diabetic nerve, the contribution of other factors, such as endoneurial hypoxia, transition metal imbalances, and hyperlipidemia have been also suggested. The possible sources for the overproduction of ROS in diabetes are widespread and include enzymatic pathways, auto-oxidation of glucose, and mitochondrial superoxide production. Increase in oxidative stress has clearly been shown to contribute to the pathology of neural and vascular dysfunction in diabetes. Potential therapies for preventing increased oxidative stress in diabetic nerve dysfunction will be discussed. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              Therapeutic administration of progesterone antagonist in a model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT-1A).

              Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited neuropathy. The predominant subtype, CMT-1A, accounts for more than 50% of all cases and is associated with an interstitial chromosomal duplication of 17p12 (refs. 2,3). We have generated a model of CMT-1A by introducing extra copies of the responsible disease gene, Pmp22 (encoding the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa), into transgenic rats. Here, we used this model to test whether progesterone, a regulator of the myelin genes Pmp22 and myelin protein zero (Mpz) in cultured Schwann cells, can modulate the progressive neuropathy caused by moderate overexpression of Pmp22. Male transgenic rats (n = 84) were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: progesterone, progesterone antagonist (onapristone) and placebo control. Daily administration of progesterone elevated the steady-state levels of Pmp22 and Mpz mRNA in the sciatic nerve, resulting in enhanced Schwann cell pathology and a more progressive clinical neuropathy. In contrast, administration of the selective progesterone receptor antagonist reduced overexpression of Pmp22 and improved the CMT phenotype, without obvious side effects, in wild-type or transgenic rats. Taken together, these data provide proof of principle that the progesterone receptor of myelin-forming Schwann cells is a promising pharmacological target for therapy of CMT-1A.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cell J
                Cell J
                Royan Institute
                Cell Journal (Yakhteh)
                Royan Institute
                2228-5806
                2228-5814
                Spring 2011
                21 April 2011
                : 13
                : 1
                : 31-38
                Affiliations
                1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
                2. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahwaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
                Author notes
                * Corresponding Address: P.O.Box: 35145-331Department of Anatomical SciencesFaculty of MedicineSemnan University of Medical Sciences SemnanIran Email: hrsameni@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Cell-J-13-31
                3652538
                23671825
                264b6124-008a-42ef-8afd-d4450c9b11bb
                Any use, distribution, reproduction or abstract of this publication in any medium, with the exception of commercial purposes, is permitted provided the original work is properly cited

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 2 April 2010
                : 19 August 2010
                Categories
                Research Article
                Neurology
                Biology

                diabetic neuropathy,sciatic nerve,progesterone,4-methylcatechol,rat

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