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      El dolor en personas con demencia moderada o severa: revisión narrativa Translated title: Pain in people suffering moderate or severe dementia: narrative review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La prevalencia de dolor en personas mayores de 65 años oscila entre el 30-50% en la comunidad hasta el 70% en institucionalizados. El dolor debe considerarse como un síndrome geriátrico. Para la evaluación apropiada del dolor se deben usar herramientas validadas. La demencia en sí misma no es dolorosa; se estima que el 30-50% de mayores que tienen demencia experimentan dolor crónico. Este dolor puede contribuir a aumentar los síntomas conductuales y psicológicos de la demencia. Los objetivos de esta revisión fueron examinar las escalas observacionales para el dolor validadas en español e identificar cuáles son las intervenciones no farmacológicas para tratar el dolor en personas con demencia moderada-severa. La evaluación del dolor en personas con demencia moderada o avanzada ha de ser multicontextual; siempre se aconseja preguntar directamente a la persona si refiere dolor. Las cuatro herramientas recomendadas en esta revisión son: DOLOPLUS2, PACSLAC, PAINAD y Abbey Pain Scale; estas dos últimas son las más sencillas y rápidas. La implementación de medidas no farmacológicas durante el tratamiento del dolor es positiva, por la disminución del dolor y porque también evita la polimedicación innecesaria, pero aún hay que vencer los prejuicios del personal sanitario y los problemas logísticos de su aplicación. Por último, lo más importante de esta revisión es la propuesta de intervenciones no farmacológicas concretas para tratar el dolor en personas con demencia moderada-severa y que pueden ser prescritas y llevadas a cabo por enfermería.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The prevalence of pain in people over 65 years of age oscillates between 30 and 50% within the community, and reaches 70% in institutionalized patients. Pain must be considered a geriatric syndrome. In order to appropriately evaluate pain, validated must be used. Dementia in itself is not painful; it is estimated that 30-50% of older people with dementia have chronic pain. This pain may contribute to an increase in the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. The aims of this revision were to examine the observational scales in pain, validated in Spanish, and identify the non-pharmacological interventions to treat pain in people with moderate to severe dementia. Evaluating pain in people with moderate to severe has to be multidimensional. It is always advised to question pain directly regarding the experience of pain. The four recommended tools in this revision are: DOLOPLUS2, PACSLAC, PAINAD and Abbey Pain Scale; the last two being simpler and quicker. The implementation of non-pharmacological measures during treatment is positive, because of pain reduction and the avoidance of unnecessary medication. However, prejudices from health professionals and organizational problems in applying these, must be overcome. The proposal of concrete non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of pain is the most important contribution of this review, as they may be prescribed and implemented by nursing staff.

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          Assessment and treatment of pain in people with dementia.

          Many elderly people experience pain and regularly take analgesic medication. Pain is also frequent in people with dementia, particularly those with severe disease. As no robust clinical guidelines are available for the treatment of pain in the context of dementia, the risk of inadequate treatment in individuals with this condition is high. Furthermore, our understanding of the aetiology of pain and the potential role of dementia-associated neuropathology in pain is limited. These issues are important in the clinical management of individuals with dementia, as untreated pain is a major contributor to reduced quality of life and disability, and can lead to increased behavioural and psychological symptoms. Assessment scales to identify pain in people with dementia have been highlighted in recent studies, but there is little evidence for consistency between these tools. Numerous studies have evaluated various approaches for the treatment of pain, including stepped-care protocols and/or administration of paracetamol and opioid medications. In this Review, we summarize the best-available evidence regarding the aetiology, assessment and treatment of pain in people with dementia. Further validation of assessment tools and large-scale trials of treatment approaches in people with dementia are needed to improve clinical guidance for the treatment of pain in these individuals.
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            Pain management in patients with dementia

            There are an estimated 35 million people with dementia across the world, of whom 50% experience regular pain. Despite this, current assessment and treatment of pain in this patient group are inadequate. In addition to the discomfort and distress caused by pain, it is frequently the underlying cause of behavioral symptoms, which can lead to inappropriate treatment with antipsychotic medications. Pain also contributes to further complications in treatment and care. This review explores four key perspectives of pain management in dementia and makes recommendations for practice and research. The first perspective discussed is the considerable uncertainty within the literature on the impact of dementia neuropathology on pain perception and processing in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, where white matter lesions and brain atrophy appear to influence the neurobiology of pain. The second perspective considers the assessment of pain in dementia. This is challenging, particularly because of the limited capacity of self-report by these individuals, which means that assessment relies in large part on observational methods. A number of tools are available but the psychometric quality and clinical utility of these are uncertain. The evidence for efficient treatment (the third perspective) with analgesics is also limited, with few statistically well-powered trials. The most promising evidence supports the use of stepped treatment approaches, and indicates the benefit of pain and behavioral interventions on both these important symptoms. The fourth perspective debates further difficulties in pain management due to the lack of sufficient training and education for health care professionals at all levels, where evidence-based guidance is urgently needed. To address the current inadequate management of pain in dementia, a comprehensive approach is needed. This would include an accurate, validated assessment tool that is sensitive to different types of pain and therapeutic effects, supported by better training and support for care staff across all settings.
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              Pain Assessment in Elderly with Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

              Background: Pain is under-detected and undertreated in people with dementia. The present study investigates the prevalence of pain in people with dementia hospitalized in nursing homes that are members of National Association of Third Age Residences (ANASTE) Calabria, and evaluates the association among pain, mood, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Objective: The aim of this study is to define the prevalence of pain in people with dementia in long term care facilities using scales of self-reporting and observational tools and, particularly, to study the relationship between pain and BPSD. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out on 233 patients. Pain assessment was performed using self-reporting tools such as the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for patients with slight cognitive impairment or no cognitive impairment and observational tools such as Pain Assessment In Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD) for patients with moderate or severe cognitive impairment. Mood was evaluated through the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) while behavioral problems were assessed through the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Results: Only 42.5% of patients evaluated by NRS provided a reliable answer; of these, 20.4% reported no pain. The percentage of pain evaluated by PAINAD was 51.8% . Analysis of data showed a statistically significant correlation between diagnosis of pain and depressive symptoms, assessed with CSDD (p = 0.0113), as well as by single items of NPI, such as anxiety (p = 0.0362) and irritability (p = 0.0034), and F1 profile (Aggression) of CMAI (p = 0.01). Conclusion: This study confirms that self-report alone is not sufficient to assess pain in elderly people with dementia; the observational tool is a necessary and suitable way of assessing pain in patients with cognitive impairment. If not adequately treated, chronic pain can cause depression, agitation, and aggression in patients with dementia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                geroko
                Gerokomos
                Gerokomos
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Geriátrica y gerontológica (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1134-928X
                2020
                : 31
                : 3
                : 144-148
                Affiliations
                [1] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Spain
                [2] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Spain
                [3] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Spain
                Article
                S1134-928X2020000300144 S1134-928X(20)03100300144
                26735199-7be6-4feb-9e0c-4099a8980418

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 May 2019
                : 12 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                Dolor,cognitive impairment,nonpharmalogical intervention,dementia,management,assessment,Pain,deterioro cognitivo,intervenciones no farmacológicas,demencia,manejo,valoración

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