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      Cortical light scattering during interictal epileptic spikes in frontal lobe epilepsy in children: A fast optical signal and electroencephalographic study

      1 , 1 , 1 , 1
      Epilepsia
      Wiley

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          An astrocytic basis of epilepsy.

          Hypersynchronous neuronal firing is a hallmark of epilepsy, but the mechanisms underlying simultaneous activation of multiple neurons remains unknown. Epileptic discharges are in part initiated by a local depolarization shift that drives groups of neurons into synchronous bursting. In an attempt to define the cellular basis for hypersynchronous bursting activity, we studied the occurrence of paroxysmal depolarization shifts after suppressing synaptic activity using tetrodotoxin (TTX) and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel blockers. Here we report that paroxysmal depolarization shifts can be initiated by release of glutamate from extrasynaptic sources or by photolysis of caged Ca(2+) in astrocytes. Two-photon imaging of live exposed cortex showed that several antiepileptic agents, including valproate, gabapentin and phenytoin, reduced the ability of astrocytes to transmit Ca(2+) signaling. Our results show an unanticipated key role for astrocytes in seizure activity. As such, these findings identify astrocytes as a proximal target for the treatment of epileptic disorders.
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            BESA source coherence: a new method to study cortical oscillatory coupling.

            This paper introduces source coherence, a new method for the analysis of cortical coherence using noninvasive EEG and MEG data. Brain electrical source analysis (BESA) is applied to create a discrete multiple source model. This model is used as a source montage to transform the recorded data from sensor level into brain source space. This provides source waveforms of the modeled brain regions as a direct measure for their activities on a single trial basis. The source waveforms are transformed into time-frequency space using complex demodulation. Magnitude-squared coherence between the brain sources reveals oscillatory coupling between sources. This procedure allows one to separate the time-frequency content of different brain regions even if their activities severely overlap at the surface. Thus, source coherence overcomes problems of localization and interpretation that are inherent to coherence analysis at sensor level. The principle of source coherence is illustrated using an EEG recording of an error-related negativity as an example. In this experiment the subject performed a visuo-motor task. Source coherence analysis revealed dynamical linking between posterior and central areas within the gamma-band around the time of button press at a post-stimulus latency of 200-300 ms.
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              NIRS in clinical neurology - a 'promising' tool?

              Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a relevant research tool in neuroscience. In special populations such as infants and for special tasks such as walking, NIRS has asserted itself as a low resolution functional imaging technique which profits from its ease of application, portability and the option to co-register other neurophysiological and behavioral data in a 'near natural' environment. For clinical use in neurology this translates into the option to provide a bed-side oximeter for the brain, broadly available at comparatively low costs. However, while some potential for routine brain monitoring during cardiac and vascular surgery and in neonatology has been established, NIRS is largely unknown to clinical neurologists. The article discusses some of the reasons for this lack of use in clinical neurology. Research using NIRS in three major neurologic diseases (cerebrovascular disease, epilepsy and headache) is reviewed. Additionally the potential to exploit the established position of NIRS as a functional imaging tool with regard to clinical questions such as preoperative functional assessment and neurorehabilitation is discussed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Epilepsia
                Epilepsia
                Wiley
                00139580
                December 2017
                December 2017
                October 16 2017
                : 58
                : 12
                : 2064-2072
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1105; Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function; University of Picardie Jules Verne; University Hospital Center South; Amiens France
                Article
                10.1111/epi.13926
                29034451
                267b96d0-cee1-45b5-856d-5eb38cfb73f5
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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