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      THE EXOPLANET CENSUS: A GENERAL METHOD APPLIED TOKEPLER

      The Astrophysical Journal
      IOP Publishing

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          The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets

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            A closely packed system of low-mass, low-density planets transiting Kepler-11.

            When an extrasolar planet passes in front of (transits) its star, its radius can be measured from the decrease in starlight and its orbital period from the time between transits. Multiple planets transiting the same star reveal much more: period ratios determine stability and dynamics, mutual gravitational interactions reflect planet masses and orbital shapes, and the fraction of transiting planets observed as multiples has implications for the planarity of planetary systems. But few stars have more than one known transiting planet, and none has more than three. Here we report Kepler spacecraft observations of a single Sun-like star, which we call Kepler-11, that reveal six transiting planets, five with orbital periods between 10 and 47 days and a sixth planet with a longer period. The five inner planets are among the smallest for which mass and size have both been measured, and these measurements imply substantial envelopes of light gases. The degree of coplanarity and proximity of the planetary orbits imply energy dissipation near the end of planet formation.
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              Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Astrophysical Journal
                ApJ
                IOP Publishing
                0004-637X
                1538-4357
                November 20 2011
                November 20 2011
                November 03 2011
                : 742
                : 1
                : 38
                Article
                10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/38
                26a0b2e3-9d70-4a20-9e68-6b7ac284a524
                © 2011
                History

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