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      Dosimetric study for cervix carcinoma treatment using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) compensation based on 3D intracavitary brachytherapy technique

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) compensation based on 3D high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) boost technique (ICBT + IMRT) has been used in our hospital for advanced cervix carcinoma patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the dosimetric results of the four different boost techniques (the conventional 2D HDR intracavitary brachytherapy [CICBT], 3D optimized HDR intracavitary brachytherapy [OICBT], and IMRT-alone with the applicator in situ).

          Material and methods

          For 30 patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma, after the completion of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for whole pelvic irradiation 45 Gy/25 fractions, five fractions of ICBT + IMRT boost with 6 Gy/fractions for high risk clinical target volume (HRCTV), and 5 Gy/fractions for intermediate risk clinical target volume (IRCTV) were applied. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired using an in situ CT/MRI-compatible applicator. The gross tumor volume (GTV), the high/intermediate-risk clinical target volume (HRCTV/IRCTV), bladder, rectum, and sigmoid were contoured by CT scans.

          Results

          For ICBT + IMRT plan, values of D 90, D 100 of HRCTV, D 90, D 100, and V 100 of IRCTV significantly increased ( p < 0.05) in comparison to OICBT and CICBT. The D 2cc values for bladder, rectum, and sigmoid were significantly lower than that of CICBT and IMRT alone. In all patients, the mean rectum V 60 Gy values generated from ICBT + IMRT and OICBT techniques were very similar but for bladder and sigmoid, the V 60 Gy values generated from ICBT + IMRT were higher than that of OICBT. For the ICBT + IMRT plan, the standard deviations (SD) of D 90 and D 2cc were found to be lower than other three treatment plans.

          Conclusions

          The ICBT + IMRT technique not only provides good target coverage but also maintains low doses (D 2cc) to the OAR. ICBT + IMRT is an optional technique to boost parametrial region or tumor of large size and irregular shape when intracavitary/interstitial brachytherapy cannot be used.

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          Most cited references44

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          Clinical impact of MRI assisted dose volume adaptation and dose escalation in brachytherapy of locally advanced cervix cancer.

          To investigate the clinical impact of MRI based cervix cancer brachytherapy combined with external beam radiochemotherapy applying dose volume adaptation and dose escalation in a consecutive group of patients with locally advanced cervix cancer. In the period 1998-2003, 145 patients with cervix cancer stages IB-IVA were treated with definitive radiotherapy +/- cisplatin chemotherapy. Median age was 60 years. In 67 patients, the tumour size was 2-5 cm, in 78 patients it was >5 cm. In 29 cases the standard intracavitary technique was combined with interstitial brachytherapy. Total prescribed dose was 80-85 Gy (total biologically equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions). Since 2001, MRI based treatment planning integrated systematic concepts for High Risk Clinical Target Volume (HR CTV) and organs at risk (OAR), biological modelling, Dose-Volume-Histogram analysis, dose-volume-adaptation (D90, D 2 cm(3)), and dose escalation, if appropriate and feasible. Dose volume adaptation was performed in 130/145 patients. The mean D90 during the whole period was 86 Gy, with a mean D90 of 81 Gy and 90 Gy during the first and second period, respectively (p 5 cm it was 71% in 1998-2000 and 90% in 2001-2003 (p=0.05). Progression free survival (PFS) for true pelvis (local control) was 85%, PFS for distant metastases was 80%, both at 3 years. Local control for tumours >5 cm was 64% in 1998-2000 and 82% in 2001-2003 (p=0.09) and 100% and 96%, respectively, for tumours 2-5 cm. PFS for distant metastases remained the same during the two treatment periods with 79% and 80%. Overall survival (OS) was 58%, and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 68% at 3 years. In the two different periods improvement in OS was from 53% to 64% (p=0.03) and in CSS from 62% to 74% (p=0.13). Improvement occurred only in tumours >5 cm: OS 28% versus 58% (p=0.003); CSS 40% versus 62% (p=0.07). Actuarial late morbidity rate (LENT SOMA, grades 3 and 4) at 3 years was gastrointestinal 4%, urinary 4% and vaginal 5% (stage IIA/IIIA). Gastrointestinal and urinary late morbidity (G3,G4) was 10% in 1998-2000 and 2% in 2001-2003. In locally advanced extensive cervix cancer, local control of > or = 85% can be achieved with low treatment related morbidity (G3/G4), when exploiting the potential of MRI based 3D treatment planning including dose volume adaptation and dose escalation and a combined intracavitary/interstitial brachytherapy, if appropriate. A significant impact of this improvement of local control on survival is to be expected. For locally advanced limited disease the MRI based approach will likely result in assuring excellent local control (> or = 95%) and in minimizing treatment related morbidity.
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            MRI-guided adaptive radiotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer from a Nordic perspective.

            The first Nordic protocol for three-dimensional (3D) planned radiotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer was the prospective NOCECA study (1994-2000). NOCECA consisted of computed tomography (CT)-based 3D conformal external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to the primary tumour combined with brachytherapy (BT) based on x-ray imaging. In NOCECA the planning aim was to achieve 80 Gy at point A from EBRT and BT combined. However, the balance of dose between EBRT and BT was determined by tumour size at diagnosis with more EBRT dose given to point A and less by BT in more advanced stages. In 2005 image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT) based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optimisation of the BT dose distribution to the remaining tumour and cervix at time of BT (HR CTV) was introduced in Aarhus. EBRT remained like in NOCECA until 2008 when the SIB to the primary tumour was abandoned and IMRT was introduced as routine technique. In this study, we report outcome of our first five-year experience with IGABT using our NOCECA cohort as reference.
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              Dose-effect relationship for local control of cervical cancer by magnetic resonance image-guided brachytherapy.

              To analyse dose-response relationships for local control of cervical cancer after MR image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT) based on dose-volume histogram parameters. The analysis includes 141 patients with cervix cancer (stages IB-IVA) treated with 45-50.4 Gy EBRT+/-cisplatin plus 4 x 7 Gy IGBT. Gross tumour volume (GTV), high risk clinical target volume (HR CTV) and intermediate risk CTV (IR CTV) were delineated and DVH parameters (D90, D100) were assessed. Doses were converted to the equivalent dose in 2 Gy (EQD2) using linear-quadratic model (alpha/beta=10 Gy). Groups of patients were formed according to tumour size at diagnosis (GTV(D)) of 2-5 cm (group 1) or >5 cm (2), with subgroups of the latter for HR CTV size at first IGBT 2-5 cm (2a) or >5 cm (2b). Dose-response dependence for local recurrence was evaluated by logit analysis. Eighteen local recurrences in the true pelvis were observed. Dose-response analyses revealed a significant effect of HR CTV D100 (p=0.02) and D90 (p=0.005). The ED50-values for tumour control were 33+/-15 Gy (D100) and 45+/-19 Gy (D90). ED90-values were 67 Gy (95% confidence interval [50;104]) and 86 Gy [77;113], respectively. A significant dependence of local control on D100 and D90 for HR CTV was found. Tumour control rates of >90% can be expected at doses >67 Gy and 86 Gy, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Contemp Brachytherapy
                J Contemp Brachytherapy
                JCB
                Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy
                Termedia Publishing House
                1689-832X
                2081-2841
                14 June 2016
                June 2016
                : 8
                : 3
                : 221-232
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Chengdu
                [2 ]Bio-information College, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing
                [3 ]Chongqing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmiiting Technology, Chongqing
                [4 ]Chongqing High School Innovation Team of Architecture and Core Technologies of Smart Medical System, Chongqing
                [5 ]Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
                [* ]Authors contributed equally to this work
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Kin Yip Tam, D Phil, Prof., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China. phone: +853 88224988, fax: +853-8822-2314. e-mail: kintam@ 123456umac.mo
                Article
                27760
                10.5114/jcb.2016.60590
                4965499
                27504132
                26d84a50-58cd-4be6-95a6-7481c419b4fc
                Copyright © 2016 Termedia Sp. z o. o.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                : 10 September 2015
                : 24 May 2016
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                brachytherapy,cervical cancer,cervix carcinoma,dosimetry,imrt
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                brachytherapy, cervical cancer, cervix carcinoma, dosimetry, imrt

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