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      New Insight into Immunity and Immunopathology of Rickettsial Diseases

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          Abstract

          Human rickettsial diseases comprise a variety of clinical entities caused by microorganisms belonging to the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma. These microorganisms are characterized by a strictly intracellular location which has, for long, impaired their detailed study. In this paper, the critical steps taken by these microorganisms to play their pathogenic roles are discussed in detail on the basis of recent advances in our understanding of molecular Rickettsia-host interactions, preferential target cells, virulence mechanisms, three-dimensional structures of bacteria effector proteins, upstream signalling pathways and signal transduction systems, and modulation of gene expression. The roles of innate and adaptive immune responses are discussed, and potential new targets for therapies to block host-pathogen interactions and pathogen virulence mechanisms are considered.

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          Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2.

          Nigel Murray, Atsushi Kitani, Tomohiro Watanabe … (2005)
          The NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) proteins NOD1 and NOD2 have important roles in innate immunity as sensors of microbial components derived from bacterial peptidoglycan. The importance of these molecules is underscored by the fact that mutations in the gene that encodes NOD2 occur in a subpopulation of patients with Crohn's disease, and NOD1 has also been shown to participate in host defence against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Here, we focus on the molecular interactions between these NOD proteins and other intracellular molecules to elucidate the mechanisms by which NOD1 and NOD2 contribute to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and the induction of mucosal inflammation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 153 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The biology of IL-12: coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses.

            Wendy T Watford, Masato Moriguchi, Akio Morinobu … (2003)
            Cytokines play critical roles in regulating all aspects of immune responses, including lymphoid development, homeostasis, differentiation, tolerance and memory. Interleukin (IL)-12 is especially important because its expression during infection regulates innate responses and determines the type and duration of adaptive immune response. IL-12 induces interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by NK, T cells, dendritic cells (DC), and macrophages. IL-12 also promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into T helper 1 (Th1) cells that produce IFN-gamma and aid in cell-mediated immunity. As IL-12 is induced by microbial products and regulates the development of adaptive immune cells, IL-12 plays a central role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity. IL-12 and the recently identified cytokines, IL-23 and IL-27, define a family of related cytokines that induce IFN-gamma production and promote T cell expansion and proliferation.
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              Platelets: physiology and biochemistry.

              Beate Kehrel, Kerstin Jurk (2004)
              Platelets are specialized blood cells that play central roles in physiologic and pathologic processes of hemostasis, inflammation, tumor metastasis, wound healing, and host defense. Activation of platelets is crucial for platelet function that includes a complex interplay of adhesion and signaling molecules. This article gives an overview of the activation processes involved in primary and secondary hemostasis, for example, platelet adhesion, platelet secretion, platelet aggregation, microvesicle formation, and clot retraction/stabilization. In addition, activated platelets are predominantly involved in cross talk to other blood and vascular cells. Stimulated "sticky" platelets enable recruitment of leukocytes at sites of vascular injury under high shear conditions. Platelet-derived microparticles as well as soluble adhesion molecules, sP-selectin and sCD40L, shed from the surface of activated platelets, are capable of activating, in turn, leukocytes and endothelial cells. This article focuses further on the new view of receptor-mediated thrombin generation of human platelets, necessary for the formation of a stable platelet-fibrin clot during secondary hemostasis. Finally, special emphasis is placed on important stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways that modulate platelet function.
              Article 0 comments Cited 109 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Dev Immunol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin. Dev. Immunol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CDI
                Title: Clinical and Developmental Immunology
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1740-2522
                ISSN (Electronic): 1740-2530
                Publication date (Print): 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 September 2011
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 967852
                Affiliations
                1Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e delle Patologie Emergenti, Universitá di Palermo, Via del Vespro 141, 90127 Palermo, Italy
                2Dipartimento di Patologia Umana, Universitá di Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy
                3Unità Operativa Complessa di Medicina Interna, Ospedali Civili Riuniti di Sciacca and Università di Palermo, Via Pompei, 92019 Agrigento, Italy
                4Azienda Ospedaliera “Villa Sofia-Cervello”, Viale Strasburgo 233, 90146 Palermo, Italy
                5Unità Operativa Complessa di Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera “Villa Sofia-Cervello”, P.O. “V. Cervello”, Via Trabucco 180, 90146 Palermo, Italy
                6The Carmage and Martha Walls Distinguished University Chair in Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, University Boulevard 301, TX 77555 Galveston, USA
                Author notes
                *Pasquale Mansueto: pamansu@ 123456unipa.it

                Academic Editor: Georgios Pappas

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2012/967852
                PMC ID: 3170826
                PubMed ID: 21912565
                SO-VID: 26ebf551-37e3-4eae-9b94-445c7d1d202e
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Pasquale Mansueto et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 May 2011
                Date accepted : 17 June 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology

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