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      Differential Expression and Regulation of Leptin Receptor Isoforms in the Rat Brain: Effects of Fasting and Oestrogen

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          Abstract

          Leptin affects body weight and reproduction mainly via receptors in the central nervous system. Different isoforms of the leptin receptor (leptin-R) exist, including a long isoform (leptin-R<sub>L</sub>) with signalling capacity and short isoforms (leptin-R<sub>S</sub>) with unknown function. The aim of this study was to examine leptin-R gene expression in different regions of the brain under conditions with altered body weight, in the female rat, including ovariectomy (OVX), oestradiol (E<sub>2</sub>) treatment, fasting and a genetic model of obesity (Zucker fa/fa). Leptin-R gene expression was analysed by in situ hybridization using probes recognizing all receptor isoforms (leptin-R) or specifically leptin-R<sub>L</sub>. Transcripts recognized by the leptin-R probe were abundant in the choroid plexus (CP), arcuate nucleus (ARC), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), thalamus (TH) and piriform cortex (PC). Leptin-R<sub>L</sub> transcripts were detected in the ARC, VMN, TH and PC but not in the CP. Although no sex difference was observed, leptin-R gene expression was reduced by E<sub>2</sub> administration and increased by OVX. Administration of E<sub>2</sub> reduced leptin-R<sub>L</sub> gene expression in the ARC and VMN but did not alter the expression in the TH or PC. OVX had no effect on the expression of leptin-R<sub>L</sub> mRNA. Fasting also caused a differential regulation of leptin-R mRNAs, with an increase in abundance of leptin-R<sub>L</sub> transcripts in the TH despite a decrease in leptin-R in this area. Obese Zucker rats had a similar pattern of expression with an increased expression of leptin-R<sub>L</sub> transcripts in all brain areas analysed and a decrease in leptin-R gene expression. These results demonstrate a differential regulation of leptin-R<sub>L</sub> and leptin-R<sub>S</sub> which could provide a mechanism for regulating access to, and sensitivity of, discrete regions of the brain for circulating leptin. We suggest that fasting and E<sub>2</sub> alter the balance between leptin-R<sub>L</sub> and leptin-R<sub>S</sub> and that this could increase tissue sensitivity to leptin.

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          Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.

          P. Chomczynski, N Sacchi (1987)
          A new method of total RNA isolation by a single extraction with an acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform mixture is described. The method provides a pure preparation of undegraded RNA in high yield and can be completed within 4 h. It is particularly useful for processing large numbers of samples and for isolation of RNA from minute quantities of cells or tissue samples.
          Article 0 comments Cited 2084 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R.

            Louis A Tartaglia, Marlene Dembski, Xun Weng … (1995)
            The ob gene product, leptin, is an important circulating signal for the regulation of body weight. To identify high affinity leptin-binding sites, we generated a series of leptin-alkaline phosphatase (AP) fusion proteins as well as [125I]leptin. After a binding survey of cell lines and tissues, we identified leptin-binding sites in the mouse choroid plexus. A cDNA expression library was prepared from mouse choroid plexus and screened with a leptin-AP fusion protein to identify a leptin receptor (OB-R). OB-R is a single membrane-spanning receptor most related to the gp130 signal-transducing component of the IL-6 receptor, the G-CSF receptor, and the LIF receptor. OB-R mRNA is expressed not only in choroid plexus, but also in several other tissues, including hypothalamus. Genetic mapping of the gene encoding OB-R shows that it is within the 5.1 cM interval of mouse chromosome 4 that contains the db locus.
            Article 0 comments Cited 469 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans.

              Michael W. Schwartz, Elaine R. Peskind, Murray Raskind … (1996)
              The adipocyte hormone, leptin (OB protein), is proposed to be an "adiposity signal" that acts in the brain to lower food intake and adiposity. As plasma leptin levels are elevated in most overweight individuals, obesity may be associated with leptin resistance. To investigate the mechanisms underlying brain leptin uptake and to determine whether reduced uptake may contribute to leptin resistance, we measured immunoreactive leptin levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 53 human subjects. Leptin concentrations in CSF were strongly correlated to the plasma level in a nonlinear manner (r = 0.92; p = 0.0001). Like levels in plasma, CSF leptin levels were correlated to body mass index (r = 0.43; p = 0.001), demonstrating that plasma leptin enters human cerebrospinal fluid in proportion to body adiposity. However, the efficiency of this uptake (measured as the CSF:plasma leptin ratio) was lower among those in the highest as compared with the lowest plasma leptin quintile (5.4-fold difference). We hypothesize that a saturable mechanism mediates CSF leptin transport, and that reduced efficiency of brain leptin delivery among obese individuals with high plasma leptin levels results in apparent leptin resistance.
              Article 0 comments Cited 147 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NEN
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuroendocrinology
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0028-3835
                Title: Neuroendocrinology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 0028-3835
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0194
                Publication date Subscription-year: 1998
                Publication date (Print): January 1998
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 January 1998
                Volume: 67
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 29-36
                Affiliations
                a Division of Neurophysiology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK; b Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Sweden
                Article
                Publisher ID: 54295 Other ID: Neuroendocrinology 1998;67:29–36
                DOI: 10.1159/000054295
                PubMed ID: 9485166
                SO-VID: 2707d391-d732-40ad-aabb-a9ee311865c6
                Copyright © © 1998 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, References: 42, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Gonadal Steroids, Gonadotropins and Prolactin

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Ventromedial nucleus,In situ hybridization,Fasting,Arcuate nucleus,Choroid plexus,Zucker rats,Cortex,Gonadal steroids,Leptin receptor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes, Neurology, Nutrition & Dietetics, Sexual medicine, Internal medicine, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Ventromedial nucleus, In situ hybridization, Fasting, Arcuate nucleus, Choroid plexus, Zucker rats, Cortex, Gonadal steroids, Leptin receptor

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