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      Nutrition care is an integral part of patient-centred medical care: a European consensus

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          Abstract

          While healthcare is becoming more patient-centred, evidence-based nutrition interventions are still not accessible to all patients with cancer. As nutrition interventions directly improve clinical and socioeconomic outcomes, patient-centred care is not complete without nutrition care. While awareness of the negative impact of malnutrition on clinical outcomes, quality of life, and functional and emotional wellbeing in cancer is growing, there is relatively poor awareness amongst patients, clinicians, policymakers, and payers that nutrition interventions -particularly those begun in the early stages of the disease course- are an effective method for improving such outcomes. The European Beating Cancer Plan recognises the need for a holistic approach to cancer but lacks actionable recommendations to implement integrated nutrition cancer care at member state level. When considering nutrition care as a human right, the impact on quality of life and functional status must be prioritized, as these may be equally as important to patients, especially in advanced cancer where improvements in clinical outcomes such as survival or tumour burden may not be attainable. We formulate actions needed at the regional and the European level to ensure integrated nutrition care for all patients with cancer. The 4 main Take Home Messages are as follows: 1. The goals of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan cannot be achieved without integrating nutrition across the cancer care continuum. 2. Malnutrition negatively impacts clinical outcomes and has socioeconomic consequences for patients and healthcare systems. 3. Championing integrating nutrition care into cancer care is therefore the duty and ethical responsibility of clinicians (Hippocratic Oath—primum non nocere) and 4. Nutrition care is a cost effective, evidence-based therapy.

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          Most cited references154

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          A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance

          The UK Medical Research Council’s widely used guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions has been replaced by a new framework, commissioned jointly by the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research, which takes account of recent developments in theory and methods and the need to maximise the efficiency, use, and impact of research.
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            Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study.

            Emerging evidence on body composition suggests that sarcopenic obesity (obesity with depleted muscle mass) might be predictive of morbidity and mortality in non-malignant disease and also of toxicity to chemotherapy. We aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with cancer. Between Jan 13, 2004, and Jan 19, 2007, 2115 patients with solid tumours of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract from a cancer treatment centre serving northern Alberta, Canada, were identified. Available lumbar CT images of the obese patients were analysed for total skeletal muscle cross-sectional area; these values were also used to estimate total body fat-free mass (FFM). Of the 2115 patients initially identified, 325 (15%) were classified as obese (body-mass index [BMI] > or =30). Of these obese patients, 250 had CT images that met the criteria for analysis. The remaining 75 patients were recorded as without assessable scans. Obese patients had a wide range of muscle mass. Sex-specific cut-offs that defined a significant association between low muscle mass with mortality were ascertained by optimum stratification analysis: 38 (15%) of 250 patients who had assessable CT images that met the criteria for analysis were below these cut-offs and were classified as having sarcopenia. Sarcopenic obesity was associated with poorer functional status compared with obese patients who did not have sarcopenia (p=0.009), and was an independent predictor of survival (hazard ratio [HR] 4.2 [95% CI 2.4-7.2], p<0.0001). Estimated FFM showed a poor association with body-surface area (r(2)=0.37). Assuming that FFM represents the volume of distribution of many cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, we estimated that individual variation in FFM could account for up to three-times variation in effective volume of distribution for chemotherapy administered per unit body-surface area, in this population. This study provides evidence of the great variability of body composition in patients with cancer and links body composition, especially sarcopenic obesity, to clinical implications such as functional status, survival, and potentially, chemotherapy toxicity.
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              ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients

              Cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the number of new cases is expected to rise significantly over the next decades. At the same time, all types of cancer treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacological therapies are improving in sophistication, precision and in the power to target specific characteristics of individual cancers. Thus, while many cancers may still not be cured they may be converted to chronic diseases. All of these treatments, however, are impeded or precluded by the frequent development of malnutrition and metabolic derangements in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. These evidence-based guidelines were developed to translate current best evidence and expert opinion into recommendations for multi-disciplinary teams responsible for identification, prevention, and treatment of reversible elements of malnutrition in adult cancer patients. The guidelines were commissioned and financially supported by ESPEN and by the European Partnership for Action Against Cancer (EPAAC), an EU level initiative. Members of the guideline group were selected by ESPEN to include a range of professions and fields of expertise. We searched for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and comparative studies based on clinical questions according to the PICO format. The evidence was evaluated and merged to develop clinical recommendations using the GRADE method. Due to the deficits in the available evidence, relevant still open questions were listed and should be addressed by future studies. Malnutrition and a loss of muscle mass are frequent in cancer patients and have a negative effect on clinical outcome. They may be driven by inadequate food intake, decreased physical activity and catabolic metabolic derangements. To screen for, prevent, assess in detail, monitor and treat malnutrition standard operating procedures, responsibilities and a quality control process should be established at each institution involved in treating cancer patients. All cancer patients should be screened regularly for the risk or the presence of malnutrition. In all patients - with the exception of end of life care - energy and substrate requirements should be met by offering in a step-wise manner nutritional interventions from counseling to parenteral nutrition. However, benefits and risks of nutritional interventions have to be balanced with special consideration in patients with advanced disease. Nutritional care should always be accompanied by exercise training. To counter malnutrition in patients with advanced cancer there are few pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients with only limited effects. Cancer survivors should engage in regular physical activity and adopt a prudent diet.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                nicole.erickson@med.uni-muenchen.de
                Journal
                Med Oncol
                Med Oncol
                Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England)
                Springer US (New York )
                1357-0560
                1559-131X
                7 March 2023
                7 March 2023
                2023
                : 40
                : 4
                : 112
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5252.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 973X, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, , Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Hospital, ; Munich, Germany
                [2 ]Writing Group, The European Union Thematic Network on Integrated Nutrition in Cancer Care (INC2), Croydon, UK
                [3 ]European Federation of the Associations of Dietitians (EFAD), Naarden, The Netherlands
                [4 ]GRID grid.7872.a, ISNI 0000000123318773, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, , University College Cork, ; Cork, Ireland
                [5 ]The European Nutrition for Health Alliance, London, UK
                [6 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, , Sapienza University of Rome, ; Rome, Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0473-7689
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8343-3415
                Article
                1955
                10.1007/s12032-023-01955-5
                9992033
                36881207
                271f5712-df08-4dca-aa67-f372f871b17b
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 22 December 2022
                : 18 January 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Universitätsklinik München (6933)
                Categories
                Perspectives in Oncology
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                multidisciplinary team,nutrition,malunutrition,cancer,clinical outcomes,european beating cancer plan,patient-centred care,dietitian

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