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      Association between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in the Health and Social Centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem City (Morocco)

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          The aim of this study was to determine the link between the physical activity (PA) and cognitive function among the elderly in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco).

          Materials and methods:

          This study was conducted among 172 elderly (56.4% men) aged above 60 years (67.53 ± 7.53) in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco). Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Normal: MMSE’s score >24 and cognitive impairment (CI): MMSE’s score ⩽ 24). The physical activity (PA) was evaluated using the GPAQ (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), ranking the elderly by high, moderate, and limited level of PA. The binary logistic regression was performed by the cognitive function (dependent variable), and PA level (independent variable).

          Results:

          The elderly people with cognitive impairment (MMSE score <24 tend to practice less walking and cycling activities ( P=.005). However no difference was found between normal and cognitively impaired subjects for all other subtypes of PA ( P > .05). The binary logistic regression adjusted for gender, education, profession, pension, depression, and nutritional status reveled that only the moderate level of PA was a protective factor against cognitive impairment compared to limited level (ORa = 0.136, 95% CI: 0.04-0.41) (ORa: Adjusted Odd Ratio; 95% CI: 95% of Confidence Interval).

          Conclusion:

          Our finding demonstrates that moderate PA specially walking or cycling is associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment. This indicates that a regular practice of walking or cycling as PA can play an important role for cognitive impairment prevention. And the necessity for further researches to more understands this association.

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          Most cited references26

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          Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)

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            Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study.

            Instruments to assess physical activity are needed for (inter)national surveillance systems and comparison. Male and female adults were recruited from diverse sociocultural, educational and economic backgrounds in 9 countries (total n = 2657). GPAQ and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were administered on at least 2 occasions. Eight countries assessed criterion validity using an objective measure (pedometer or accelerometer) over 7 days. Reliability coefficients were of moderate to substantial strength (Kappa 0.67 to 0.73; Spearman's rho 0.67 to 0.81). Results on concurrent validity between IPAQ and GPAQ also showed a moderate to strong positive relationship (range 0.45 to 0.65). Results on criterion validity were in the poor-fair (range 0.06 to 0.35). There were some observed differences between sex, education, BMI and urban/rural and between countries. Overall GPAQ provides reproducible data and showed a moderate-strong positive correlation with IPAQ, a previously validated and accepted measure of physical activity. Validation of GPAQ produced poor results although the magnitude was similar to the range reported in other studies. Overall, these results indicate that GPAQ is a suitable and acceptable instrument for monitoring physical activity in population health surveillance systems, although further replication of this work in other countries is warranted.
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              Mechanisms of stress in the brain.

              The brain is the central organ involved in perceiving and adapting to social and physical stressors via multiple interacting mediators, from the cell surface to the cytoskeleton to epigenetic regulation and nongenomic mechanisms. A key result of stress is structural remodeling of neural architecture, which may be a sign of successful adaptation, whereas persistence of these changes when stress ends indicates failed resilience. Excitatory amino acids and glucocorticoids have key roles in these processes, along with a growing list of extra- and intracellular mediators that includes endocannabinoids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The result is a continually changing pattern of gene expression mediated by epigenetic mechanisms involving histone modifications and CpG methylation and hydroxymethylation as well as by the activity of retrotransposons that may alter genomic stability. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of plasticity and vulnerability of the brain provides a basis for understanding the efficacy of interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders as well as age-related cognitive decline.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutr Metab Insights
                Nutr Metab Insights
                NMI
                spnmi
                Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                1178-6388
                1 July 2021
                2021
                : 14
                : 11786388211026758
                Affiliations
                [1-11786388211026758]Laboratory of Nutrition & Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
                Author notes
                [*]Abdeljalil Talhaoui, Laboratory of Nutrition & Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco. Email: Abdeljalil.Talhaoui@ 123456uit.ac.ma
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8937-0504
                Article
                10.1177_11786388211026758
                10.1177/11786388211026758
                8255572
                34276215
                272916d2-184d-455f-ad18-9b675d4f3486
                © The Author(s) 2021

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 15 May 2019
                : 25 May 2021
                Categories
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2021
                ts1

                cognitive function,cognitive impairment,physical activity,moroccan elderly

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