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      Abandoned Covid-19 personal protective equipment along the Bushehr shores, the Persian Gulf: An emerging source of secondary microplastics in coastlines

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          Abstract

          During the Covid-19 pandemic, personal protection equipment (PPE) was widely used to control the virus further spared. In this study, the presence of PPE wastes along the coastline of Bushehr port, the Persian Gulf from nine stations was investigated (4 times during 40 days), and their potential for microplastics (MPs) creation was preliminarily assessed. In total, more than 2380 PPE were collected in the study area. No significant differences were found between various beaches regarding their types and common activities. In addition, the estimated disposal rate of PPE per day and year is 350 and 127,750 items, respectively. More than 10% of the collected PPE from Bushehr's coastal areas on each sampling day were damaged. Based on the microscopic analysis, the left surgical masks and torn plastic gloves in the coastal regions are emerging sources of secondary microfibers and MP particles (mostly fragments and films) in the marine environments, respectively.

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          Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents

          G Kampf, D Todt, S. Pfaender … (2020)
          Summary Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection, e.g. in healthcare facilities. The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Other biocidal agents such as 0.05–0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective. As no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread.
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            The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review.

            Stephanie L Wright, Richard Thompson, Tamara Galloway (2013)
            Plastic debris at the micro-, and potentially also the nano-scale, are widespread in the environment. Microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide in recent years, with maximum concentrations reaching 100 000 particles m(3). Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. This review focuses on marine invertebrates and their susceptibility to the physical impacts of microplastic uptake. Some of the main points discussed are (1) an evaluation of the factors contributing to the bioavailability of microplastics including size and density; (2) an assessment of the relative susceptibility of different feeding guilds; (3) an overview of the factors most likely to influence the physical impacts of microplastics such as accumulation and translocation; and (4) the trophic transfer of microplastics. These findings are important in guiding future marine litter research and management strategies. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment

              Steve Allen, Deonie A. Allen, Vernon R. Phoenix … (2019)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Pollut Bull
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mar Pollut Bull
                Title: Marine Pollution Bulletin
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0025-326X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-3363
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 April 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 112386
                Affiliations
                [a ]Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
                [b ]Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
                [c ]Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
                [d ]The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0025-326X(21)00420-3 Publisher ID: 112386
                DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112386
                PMC ID: 8055201
                PubMed ID: 33901902
                SO-VID: 27366b45-94f8-4cc7-93ab-11ad87612db0
                Copyright © © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 24 February 2021
                Date revision received : 14 April 2021
                Date accepted : 15 April 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Baseline

                Keywords: coronavirus,face masks,plastic gloves,marine pollution,micropollutants
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus, face masks, plastic gloves, marine pollution, micropollutants

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