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      Lipopolysaccharide immune stimulation but not β-mannanase supplementation affects maintenance energy requirements in young weaned pigs

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          Abstract

          Background

          Pathogen or diet-induced immune activation can partition energy and nutrients away from growth, but clear relationships between immune responses and the direction and magnitude of energy partitioning responses have yet to be elucidated. The objectives were to determine how β-mannanase supplementation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune stimulation affect maintenance energy requirements (MEm) and to characterize immune parameters, digestibility, growth performance, and energy balance.

          Methods

          In a randomized complete block design, 30 young weaned pigs were assigned to either the control treatment (CON; basal corn, soybean meal and soybean hulls diet), the enzyme treatment (ENZ; basal diet + 0.056% β-mannanase), or the immune system stimulation treatment (ISS; basal diet + 0.056% β-mannanase, challenged with repeated increasing doses of Escherichia coli LPS). The experiment consisted of a 10-d adaptation period, 5-d digestibility and nitrogen balance measurement, 22 h of heat production (HP) measurements, and 12 h of fasting HP measurements in indirect calorimetry chambers. The immune challenge consisted of 4 injections of either LPS (ISS) or sterile saline (CON and ENZ), one every 48 h beginning on d 10. Blood was collected pre- and post-challenge for complete blood counts with differential, haptoglobin and mannan binding lectin, 12 cytokines, and glucose and insulin concentrations.

          Results

          Beta-mannanase supplementation did not affect immune status, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, energy balance, or ME m. The ISS treatment induced fever, elevated proinflammatory cytokines and decreased leukocyte concentrations ( P < 0.05). The ISS treatment did not impact nitrogen balance or nutrient digestibility ( P > 0.10), but increased total HP (21%) and ME m (23%), resulting in decreased lipid deposition (−30%) and average daily gain (−18%) ( P < 0.05).

          Conclusions

          This experiment provides novel data on β-mannanase supplementation effects on immune parameters and energy balance in pigs and is the first to directly relate decreased ADG to increased ME m independent of changes in feed intake in immune challenged pigs. Immune stimulation increased energy partitioning to the immune system by 23% which limited lipid deposition and weight gain. Understanding energy and nutrient partitioning in immune-stressed pigs may provide insight into more effective feeding and management strategies.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0264-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references72

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          Interleukin 1α and the inflammatory process.

          Inflammation occurs after disruption of tissue homeostasis by cell stress, injury or infection and ultimately involves the recruitment and retention of cells of hematopoietic origin, which arrive at the affected sites to resolve damage and initiate repair. Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β are equally potent inflammatory cytokines that activate the inflammatory process, and their deregulated signaling causes devastating diseases manifested by severe acute or chronic inflammation. Although much attention has been given to understanding the biogenesis of IL-1β, the biogenesis of IL-1α and its distinctive role in the inflammatory process remain poorly defined. In this review we examine key aspects of IL-1α biology and regulation and discuss its emerging importance in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation that underlie the pathology of many human diseases.
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            Influence of the mannose receptor in host immune responses.

            Mannose receptor (MR) is a C-type lectin primarily expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells. Its three distinct extracellular binding sites recognise a wide range of both endogenous and exogenous ligands, therefore MR has been implicated in both homeostatic processes and pathogen recognition. However, the function of MR in host defence is not yet clearly understood as MR-deficient animals do not display enhanced susceptibility to pathogens bearing MR ligands. This scenario is even more complex when considering the role of MR in innate immune activation as, even though no intracellular signalling motif has been identified at its cytoplasmic tail, MR has been shown to be essential for cytokine production, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. Furthermore, MR might interact with other canonical pattern recognition receptors in order to mediate intracellular signalling. In this review, we have summarised recent observations relating to MR function in immune responses and focused on its participation in phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, cell migration and intracellular signalling.
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              Soy Oligosaccharides and Soluble Non-starch Polysaccharides: A Review of Digestion, Nutritive and Anti-nutritive Effects in Pigs and Poultry

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                nicholej@iastate.edu
                martin_nyachoti@umanitoba.ca
                515-509-1756 , jfp@iastate.edu
                Journal
                J Anim Sci Biotechnol
                J Anim Sci Biotechnol
                Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1674-9782
                2049-1891
                15 June 2018
                15 June 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 47
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7312, GRID grid.34421.30, Department of Animal Science, , Iowa State University, ; Ames, IA 50011 USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, GRID grid.21613.37, Department of Animal Science, , University of Manitoba, ; 226 Animal Science Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
                Article
                264
                10.1186/s40104-018-0264-y
                6003148
                29946460
                273fe5b3-7556-4803-bff2-6bb8046b7f6c
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 7 December 2017
                : 14 May 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Elanco Animal Health
                Award ID: N/A
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Animal science & Zoology
                acute phase proteins,β-mannan,cytokines,digestibility,feed induced immune response,heat production,inflammation,lipopolysaccharide,nitrogen balance,swine

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