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      Factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire in UK Armed Forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland Translated title: Estructura Factorial del Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma en Veteranos de las Fuerzas Armadas del Reino Unido que residen en Irlanda del Norte Translated title: 居住在北爱尔兰的英国武装部队退伍军人中国际创伤问卷的因子结构

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD) was recently included in the revised International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2018). C-PTSD is a new trauma related disorder which may develop after prolonged and multiple exposures to trauma. It is a sister disorder of PTSD and is further characterized by symptomatology of disorganized self-organization (DSO). To qualify for the diagnosis, individuals must first meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, then report DSO symptoms and functional impairment. A body of work is emerging which has focused on the underlying dimensionality of C-PTSD across both adult and more recently adolescent populations from differing index trauma groups and from across several nations and cultures. However, few studies have been conducted in populations exposed to combat trauma despite the obvious prolonged and multiple nature of their trauma histories.

          Objective: To contribute to emerging evidence of the factor structure of ICD-11 C-PTSD in a novel population.

          Methods: This is the first factor analytic study to explore C-PTSD in a sample of UK Armed Forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland ( N = 732). C-PTSD was measured via the ITQ and we utilized CFA to assess the fit of 7 competing models.

          Results: Based on established CFA fit indices, a correlated, first order, 6-factor model of C-PTSD, representing 3 PTSD and 3 DSO symptom groupings, was deemed to provide superior fit to the data compared to 6 alternative C-PTSD models. The superiority of the model was further supported by statistical comparisons of competing C-PTSD models. All factor loadings (0.866–0.998) and inter-factor correlations (.746-.975) of the optimally fitting model were statistically significant and high.

          Conclusion: These results provide support for the construct validity of ICD-11 C-PTSD in a unique sample of Armed Forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • This is the first factor analytic study to explore C-PTSD in a sample of UK Armed Forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland.

          • A correlated, first order, 6-factor model of C-PTSD, was deemed to provide superior fit to the data compared to 6 alternative C-PTSD models.

          • These results provide support for the construct validity of ICD-11 C-PTSD.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: El Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático Complejo (TEPT-C) fue recientemente incluido en la revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11) por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2018). EL TEPT-C es un nuevo trastorno relacionado con el trauma que puede desarrollarse posterior a exposición prolongada y múltiple a traumas. Es un trastorno hermano del TEPT, y se caracteriza además por su sintomatología de desorden en la auto-organización (DSO por sus siglas en inglés). Para calificar para este diagnóstico, los individuos deben cumplir primero con criterios para TEPT, y luego reportar síntomas de DSO y deterioro funcional. Un cúmulo de trabajo está emergiendo, y se ha concentrado en la dimensionalidad subyacente del TEPT-C en poblaciones de adultos y más recientemente en adolescentes, diferenciándolas de grupos de trauma índice y en numerosas naciones y culturas. Sin embargo, se han realizado pocos estudios en poblaciones expuestas a trauma de combate pese a la naturaleza obviamente prolongada y múltiple de sus historias de trauma.

          Objetivo: Contribuir a la evidencia emergente de la estructura factorial del TEPT-C de la CIE-11 en una población nueva.

          Métodos: Este es el primer estudio analítico factorial en explorar el TEPT-C en una muestra de Veteranos de las Fuerzas Armadas del Reino Unido que residen en Irlanda del Norte ( N=732). El TEPT-C fue medido mediante el ITQ (Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma por sus siglas en inglés) y se utilizó análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA por sus siglas en inglés) para evaluar el ajuste de 7 modelos en competencia.

          Resultados: Basado en lo establecido por los índices de ajustes, un modelo de 6 factores correlacionado y de primer orden representando 3 agrupaciones de síntomas de TEPT y 3 agrupaciones de síntomas de DSO, fue encontrado que probó un ajuste superior a los datos comparado con los 6 modelos alternativos de TEP-C. La superioridad del modelo fue respaldada además por comparación estadística de los modelos en competencia de TEPT-C. Todas las cargas factoriales (0.866-0.998) y correlaciones inter-factoriales (.746-.975) del modelo con ajuste óptimo fueron estadísticamente significativas y altas.

          Conclusión: Estos resultados aportan sustento a la validez del constructo TEPT-C del CIE-11 en una muestra única de veteranos de las Fuerzas Armadas que residen en Irlanda del Norte

          Translated abstract

          背景: 世界卫生组织 (WHO, 2018) 最近将复杂性创伤后应激障碍 (C-PTSD) 纳入了修订版《国际疾病分类》 (ICD-11) 。 C-PTSD是一种新的创伤相关疾病, 可能在长期和多次创伤暴露后发展。它是PTSD的姐妹疾病, 其特征还在于自组织障碍 (DSO) 的症候学。要满足诊断条件, 个人必须首先满足PTSD的诊断标准, 然后报告DSO症状和功能损伤。大量工作集中在来自不同指数创伤组以及来自不同国家和文化的成年群体和更近期的青少年群体中, C-PTSD的潜在维度。但是, 但很少有研究在遭受战争创伤的群体中进行, 尽管其创伤史具有明显的长期性和多重性, 。

          目的: 为一个新群体中ICD-11 C-PTSD因子结构的新兴证据做出贡献。

          方法: 这是第一个对居住在北爱尔兰 (N = 732) 的英国武装部队退伍军人样本中C-PTSD进行因子分析的研究。 C-PTSD由ITQ测量, 我们利用CFA评估了7种竞争模型的拟合度。

          结果: 根据已确立的CFA拟合指数, 与6个替代C-PTSD模型相比, 表征3个PTSD和3个DSO症状组合的C-PTSD的相关一阶6因子模型被认为对数据拟合度更高。竞争性C-PTSD模型的统计比较进一步支持了该模型的优越性。最佳拟合模型的所有因子负荷 (0.866-0.998) 和因子间相关 (.746-.975) 在统计上均显著且很高。

          结论: 这些结果为居住于北爱尔兰的武装部队退伍军人的独特样本中ICD-11 C-PTSD的构建效度提供了支持。

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              The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD.

              The purpose of this study was to finalize the development of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), a self-report diagnostic measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD), as defined in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                17 June 2021
                2021
                17 June 2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1924954
                Affiliations
                [0001]Stress Trauma and Related Conditions (STARC) Research Lab, School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast; , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
                Author notes
                CONTACT Cherie Armour c.armour@ 123456qub.ac.uk School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast; , David Keir Building, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, UK
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7649-3874
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4276-2893
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-1268
                Article
                1924954
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1924954
                8725758
                2745ccf8-f9db-47ac-8911-e8574885f599
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 39, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                complex ptsd,factor analysis,veterans,military,uk armed forces,tept complejo,análisis factorial,veteranos,milicia,fuerzas armadas del reino unido,复杂性ptsd,因子分析,退伍军人,军队,英国武装部队

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