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      Cell Therapy in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia

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          Abstract

          Critical limb ischemia (CLI) represents the most advanced stage of peripheral arterial obstructive disease (PAOD) with a severe obstruction of the arteries which markedly reduces blood flow to the extremities and has progressed to the point of severe rest pain and/or even tissue loss. Recent therapeutic strategies have focused on restoring this balance in favor of tissue survival using exogenous molecular and cellular agents to promote regeneration of the vasculature. These are based on stimulation of angiogenesis by extracellular and cellular components. This review article carries out a systematic analysis of the most recent scientific literature on the application of stem cells in patients with CLI. The results obtained from the detailed analysis of the recent literature data have confirmed the beneficial role of cell therapy in reducing the rate of major amputations in patients with CLI and improving their quality of life.

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          Most cited references163

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          Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.

          Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages. After undifferentiated proliferation in vitro for 4 to 5 months, these cells still maintained the developmental potential to form trophoblast and derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers, including gut epithelium (endoderm); cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, and striated muscle (mesoderm); and neural epithelium, embryonic ganglia, and stratified squamous epithelium (ectoderm). These cell lines should be useful in human developmental biology, drug discovery, and transplantation medicine.
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            Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II).

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              Inflammation in atherosclerosis.

              Experimental work has elucidated molecular and cellular pathways of inflammation that promote atherosclerosis. Unraveling the roles of cytokines as inflammatory messengers provided a mechanism whereby risk factors for atherosclerosis can alter arterial biology, and produce a systemic milieu that favors atherothrombotic events. The discovery of the immune basis of allograft arteriosclerosis demonstrated that inflammation per se can drive arterial hyperplasia, even in the absence of traditional risk factors. Inflammation regulates aspects of plaque biology that trigger the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. Translation of these discoveries to humans has enabled both novel mechanistic insights and practical clinical advances.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Stem Cells Int
                Stem Cells Int
                SCI
                Stem Cells International
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                1687-966X
                1687-9678
                2015
                2 August 2015
                : 2015
                : 931420
                Affiliations
                1Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
                2Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80100 Naples, Italy
                3Department of General, Geriatric, Oncologic Surgery and Advanced Technologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80100 Naples, Italy
                4Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Matthew S. Alexander

                Article
                10.1155/2015/931420
                4537766
                26300924
                275a7b24-c842-4906-9456-2f38ce186246
                Copyright © 2015 Rita Compagna et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 5 September 2014
                : 30 November 2014
                : 2 December 2014
                Categories
                Review Article

                Molecular medicine
                Molecular medicine

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