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      A Smartphone Attention Bias Intervention for Individuals With Addictive Disorders: Protocol for a Feasibility Study

      research-article
      , MBBS, MRCPsych 1 , , , MBBS, MRCPsych 1 , , BSc (Hons) 1 , , BSc (Hons) 1 , , MBBS, PhD 1 , , MBBS, MMed 2 , , DM, FFPHM 3
      (Reviewer), (Reviewer), (Reviewer)
      JMIR Research Protocols
      JMIR Publications
      addiction, approach bias, attention bias, bias modification, feasibility, pilot, psychiatry, mobile phone, mHealth, eHealth

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          Abstract

          Background

          Substance use disorders are highly prevalent globally. Relapse rates following conventional psychological interventions for substance use disorders remain high. Recent reviews have highlighted attentional and approach or avoidance biases to be responsible for multiple relapses. Other studies have reported the efficacy of interventions to modify biases. With advances in technologies, there are now mobile versions of conventional bias modification interventions. However, to date, no study has evaluated bias modification in a substance-using, non-Western sample. Existing evaluations of mobile technologies for the delivery of bias interventions are also limited to alcohol or tobacco use disorders.

          Objective

          This study aims to examine the feasibility of mobile-based attention bias modification intervention among treatment-seeking individuals with substance use and alcohol use disorders.

          Methods

          This is a feasibility study, in which inpatients who are in their rehabilitation phase of clinical management will be recruited. On each day that they are in the study, they will be required to complete a craving visual analogue scale and undertake both a visual probe-based assessment and and modification task in a smartphone app . Reaction time data will be collated for the computation of baseline attentional biases and to determine whether there is a reduction of attentional bias across the interventions. Feasibility will be determined by the number of participants recruited and participants’ adherence to the planned interventions up until the completion of their rehabilitation program and by the ability of the app in detecting baseline biases and changes in biases. Acceptability of the intervention will be assessed by a short questionnaire of users’ perceptions of the intervention. Statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS version 22.0, while qualitative analysis of the perspectives will be performed using NVivo version 10.0.

          Results

          This study was approved by the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Research Board, with approval number (2018/00316). Results will be disseminated by means of conferences and publications.Currently, we are in the process of recruitment for this study.

          Conclusions

          To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a mobile attention bias modification intervention for individuals with substance use disorders. The data pertaining to the feasibility and acceptability are undoubtedly crucial because they imply the potential use of mobile technologies in retraining attentional biases among inpatients admitted for medical-assisted detoxification and rehabilitation. Participants’ feedback pertaining to the ease of use, interactivity, and motivation to continue using the app is crucial because it will determine whether a codesign approach might be warranted to design an app that is acceptable for participants and that participants themselves would be motivated to use.

          International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

          PRR1-10.2196/11822

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          Most cited references37

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          Attentional bias in emotional disorders.

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            Retraining automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients' approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome.

            This study tested the effects of a new cognitive-bias modification (CBM) intervention that targeted an approach bias for alcohol in 214 alcoholic inpatients. Patients were assigned to one of two experimental conditions, in which they were explicitly or implicitly trained to make avoidance movements (pushing a joystick) in response to alcohol pictures, or to one of two control conditions, in which they received no training or sham training. Four brief sessions of experimental CBM preceded regular inpatient treatment. In the experimental conditions only, patients' approach bias changed into an avoidance bias for alcohol. This effect generalized to untrained pictures in the task used in the CBM and to an Implicit Association Test, in which alcohol and soft-drink words were categorized with approach and avoidance words. Patients in the experimental conditions showed better treatment outcomes a year later. These findings indicate that a short intervention can change alcoholics' automatic approach bias for alcohol and may improve treatment outcome.
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              Is Open Access

              The association between internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: a meta-analysis

              Background This study evaluates the association between Internal Addiction (IA) and psychiatric co-morbidity in the literature. Methods Meta-analyses were conducted on cross-sectional, case–control and cohort studies which examined the relationship between IA and psychiatric co-morbidity. Selected studies were extracted from major online databases. The inclusion criteria are as follows: 1) studies conducted on human subjects; 2) IA and psychiatric co-morbidity were assessed by standardised questionnaires; and 3) availability of adequate information to calculate the effect size. Random-effects models were used to calculate the aggregate prevalence and the pooled odds ratios (OR). Results Eight studies comprising 1641 patients suffering from IA and 11210 controls were included. Our analyses demonstrated a significant and positive association between IA and alcohol abuse (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 2.14-4.37, z = 6.12, P < 0.001), attention deficit and hyperactivity (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 2.15-3.77, z = 7.27, P < 0.001), depression (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 2.04-3.75, z = 6.55, P < 0.001) and anxiety (OR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.46-4.97, z = 3.18, P = 0.001). Conclusions IA is significantly associated with alcohol abuse, attention deficit and hyperactivity, depression and anxiety.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                JMIR Res Protoc
                JMIR Res Protoc
                ResProt
                JMIR Research Protocols
                JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )
                1929-0748
                November 2018
                19 November 2018
                : 7
                : 11
                : e11822
                Affiliations
                [1 ] National Addictions Management Service Institute of Mental Health Singapore Singapore
                [2 ] Department of Developmental Psychiatry Institute of Mental Health Singapore Singapore
                [3 ] Family Medicine and Primary Care Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore Singapore
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Melvyn Zhang melvynzhangweibin@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8385-2345
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-8240
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-2836
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-4848
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6672-404X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-9363
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-6124
                Article
                v7i11e11822
                10.2196/11822
                6277827
                30455170
                2782ef02-fea3-45cd-bf0e-f6fe6ad0400e
                ©Melvyn Zhang, Jiangbo Ying, Syidda B Amron, Zaakira Mahreen, Guo Song, Daniel SS Fung, Helen Smith. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 19.11.2018.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.researchprotocols.org.as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

                History
                : 3 August 2018
                : 26 September 2018
                : 28 September 2018
                : 1 October 2018
                Categories
                Protocol
                Protocol

                addiction,approach bias,attention bias,bias modification,feasibility,pilot,psychiatry,mobile phone,mhealth,ehealth

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