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      In Situ Crosslinking Bionanocomposite Hydrogels with Potential for Wound Healing Applications

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          Abstract

          In situ forming hydrogels are a class of biomaterials that can fulfil a variety of important biomedically relevant functions and hold promise for the emerging field of patient-specific treatments (e.g., cell therapy, drug delivery). Here we report the results of our investigations on the generation of in situ forming hydrogels with potential for wound healing applications (e.g., complex blast injuries). The combination of polysaccharides that were oxidized to display aldehydes, amine displaying chitosan and nanostructured ZnO yields in situ forming bionanocomposite hydrogels. The physicochemical properties of the components, their cytotoxicity towards HaCat cells and the in vitro release of zinc ions on synthetic skin were studied. The in situ gel formation process was complete within minutes, the components were non-toxic towards HaCat cells at functional levels, Zn 2+ was released from the gels, and such materials may facilitate wound healing.

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          Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

          Amna Sirelkhatim, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni … (2015)
          Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
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            Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations.

            N. Peppas (2000)
            The availability of large molecular weight protein- and peptide-based drugs due to the recent advances in the field of molecular biology has given us new ways to treat a number of diseases. Synthetic hydrogels offer a possibly effective and convenient way to administer these compounds. Hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional networks, which are able to imbibe large amounts of water or biological fluids, and thus resemble, to a large extent, a biological tissue. They are insoluble due to the presence of chemical (tie-points, junctions) and/or physical crosslinks such as entanglements and crystallites. These materials can be synthesized to respond to a number of physiological stimuli present in the body, such as pH, ionic strength and temperature. The aim of this article is to present a concise review on the applications of hydrogels in the pharmaceutical field, hydrogel characterization and analysis of drug release from such devices.
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              From supramolecular chemistry towards constitutional dynamic chemistry and adaptive chemistry.

              Jean-Marie Lehn (2007)
              Supramolecular chemistry has developed over the last forty years as chemistry beyond the molecule. Starting with the investigation of the basis of molecular recognition, it has explored the implementation of molecular information in the programming of chemical systems towards self-organisation processes, that may occur either on the basis of design or with selection of their components. Supramolecular entities are by nature constitutionally dynamic by virtue of the lability of non-covalent interactions. Importing such features into molecular chemistry, through the introduction of reversible bonds into molecules, leads to the emergence of a constitutional dynamic chemistry, covering both the molecular and supramolecular levels. It considers chemical objects and systems capable of responding to external solicitations by modification of their constitution through component exchange or reorganisation. It thus opens the way towards an adaptive and evolutive chemistry, a further step towards the chemistry of complex matter.
              Article 0 comments Cited 342 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Funct Biomater
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Funct Biomater
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jfb
                Title: Journal of Functional Biomaterials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-4983
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: December 2019
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 50
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK; federica.leone@ 123456polito.it (F.L.); m.firlak@ 123456gmail.com (M.F.)
                [2 ]Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
                [3 ]Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
                [4 ]Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Emergency Department, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane PR2 9HT, UK; kirsty.challen@ 123456lthtr.nhs.uk
                [5 ]Advanced Medical Solutions Group PLC., Premier Park, 33 Road One, Winsford Industrial Estate, Winsford, Cheshire CW7 3RT, UK; wayne.bonnefin@ 123456admedsol.com
                [6 ]Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: barbara.onida@ 123456polito.it (B.O.); karen.wright@ 123456lancaster.ac.uk (K.L.W.); j.g.hardy@ 123456lancaster.ac.uk (J.G.H.); Tel.: +44-1524-595080 (J.G.H.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-8535
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-9086
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1928-3579
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0040-9247
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-2167
                Article
                Publisher ID: jfb-10-00050
                DOI: 10.3390/jfb10040050
                PMC ID: 6963958
                PubMed ID: 31739421
                SO-VID: 2783ea39-deec-4ca5-a4ab-d09a9f75d333
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 10 August 2019
                Date accepted : 12 November 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Communication

                Keywords: in situ forming,injectable,hydrogel,polysaccharide,bionanocomposite,wound healing
                Data availability:
                Keywords: in situ forming, injectable, hydrogel, polysaccharide, bionanocomposite, wound healing

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