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      Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Wound Healing in Diabetic NOD/SCID Mice through High Angiogenic and Engraftment Capabilities

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          Abstract

          Although human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMMs) have been recognised as a promising stem cell resource, their therapeutic potential for wound healing has not been widely investigated. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of AMMs using a diabetic mouse wound model. Quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA results revealed that the angiogenic factors, IGF-1, EGF and IL-8 were markedly upregulated in AMMs when compared with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMs) and dermal fibroblasts. In vitro scratch wound assays also showed that AMM-derived conditioned media (CM) significantly accelerated wound closure. Diabetic mice were generated using streptozotocin and wounds were created by skin excision, followed by AMM transplantation. AMM transplantation significantly promoted wound healing and increased re-epithelialization and cellularity. Notably, transplanted AMMs exhibited high engraftment rates and expressed keratinocyte-specific proteins and cytokeratin in the wound area, indicating a direct contribution to cutaneous closure. Taken together, these data suggest that AMMs possess considerable therapeutic potential for chronic wounds through the secretion of angiogenic factors and enhanced engraftment/differentiation capabilities.

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          Most cited references36

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          Wound healing--aiming for perfect skin regeneration.

          P. Martin (1997)
          The healing of an adult skin wound is a complex process requiring the collaborative efforts of many different tissues and cell lineages. The behavior of each of the contributing cell types during the phases of proliferation, migration, matrix synthesis, and contraction, as well as the growth factor and matrix signals present at a wound site, are now roughly understood. Details of how these signals control wound cell activities are beginning to emerge, and studies of healing in embryos have begun to show how the normal adult repair process might be readjusted to make it less like patching up and more like regeneration.
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            Local delivery of marrow-derived stromal cells augments collateral perfusion through paracrine mechanisms.

            Bone marrow cell therapy is reported to contribute to collateral formation through cell incorporation into new or remodeling vessels. However, the possible role of a paracrine contribution to this effect is less well characterized. Murine marrow-derived stromal cells (MSCs) were purified by magnetic bead separation of cultured bone marrow. The release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was demonstrated by analysis of MSC conditioned media (MSC-CM). MSC-CM enhanced proliferation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner; anti-VEGF and anti-FGF antibodies only partly attenuated these effects. Balb/C mice (n=10) underwent distal femoral artery ligation, followed by adductor muscle injection of 1x10(6) MSCs 24 hours later. Compared with controls injected with media (n=10) or mature endothelial cells (n=8), distal limb perfusion improved, and mid-thigh conductance vessels increased in number and total cross-sectional area. MSC injection improved limb function and appearance, reduced the incidence of auto-amputation, and attenuated muscle atrophy and fibrosis. After injection, labeled MSCs were seen dispersed between muscle fibers but were not seen incorporated into mature collaterals. Injection of MSCs increased adductor muscle levels of bFGF and VEGF protein compared with controls. Finally, colocalization of VEGF and transplanted MSCs within adductor tissue was demonstrated. MSCs secrete a wide array of arteriogenic cytokines. MSCs can contribute to collateral remodeling through paracrine mechanisms.
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              Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited into wounded skin and contribute to wound repair by transdifferentiation into multiple skin cell type.

              Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate not only into mesenchymal lineage cells but also into various other cell lineages. As MSCs can easily be isolated from bone marrow, they can be used in various tissue engineering strategies. In this study, we assessed whether MSCs can differentiate into multiple skin cell types including keratinocytes and contribute to wound repair. First, we found keratin 14-positive cells, presumed to be keratinocytes that transdifferentiated from MSCs in vitro. Next, we assessed whether MSCs can transdifferentiate into multiple skin cell types in vivo. At sites of mouse wounds that had been i.v. injected with MSCs derived from GFP transgenic mice, we detected GFP-positive cells associated with specific markers for keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Because MSCs are predominantly located in bone marrow, we investigated the main MSC recruitment mechanism. MSCs expressed several chemokine receptors; especially CCR7, which is a receptor of SLC/CCL21, that enhanced MSC migration. Finally, MSC-injected mice underwent rapid wound repaired. Furthermore, intradermal injection of SLC/CCL21 increased the migration of MSCs, which resulted in an even greater acceleration of wound repair. Taken together, we have demonstrated that MSCs contribute to wound repair via processes involving MSCs differentiation various cell components of the skin.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2012
                17 July 2012
                : 7
                : 7
                : e41105
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Regional Clinical Center, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
                [2 ]Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
                [3 ]Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
                Children’s Hospital Boston/Harvard Medical School, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: S-WK. Performed the experiments: H-ZZ S-WK. Analyzed the data: S-WK MHK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LG J-MK. Wrote the paper: S-WK.

                Article
                PONE-D-11-25838
                10.1371/journal.pone.0041105
                3398889
                22815931
                2786ed5a-dcf7-47bf-915c-8a6225bd4f3e
                Kim et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                : 22 December 2011
                : 18 June 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology
                Developmental Biology
                Stem Cells
                Mesenchymal Stem Cells
                Genetics
                Human Genetics
                Mitochondrial Diseases
                Diabetes Mellitus and Deafness
                Model Organisms
                Animal Models
                Mouse
                Molecular Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Stem Cells
                Mesenchymal Stem Cells
                Gene Expression
                Medicine
                Dermatology
                Connective Tissue Diseases

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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