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      The Utility and Limitations of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

      review-article
      , *
      Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
      MDPI
      prostate cancer, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, targeted biopsy, microbubbles

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          Abstract

          In association with the widespread use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening, the numbers of men identified with early-stage prostate cancer (PCa) are increasing in the developed countries, including Japan. However, the accurate localization of PCa lesions in diagnostic imaging is still difficult because PCa has a tendency to be multifocal in the prostate gland. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) improves the detection of PCa by visualizing cancerous lesions in order to target a needle biopsy. CEUS has the potential to enable not only accurate diagnoses but also novel treatments such as focal therapy. The combination of CEUS and other modalities is expected to improve the diagnosis of PCa and its treatment.

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          Most cited references43

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          Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions.

          R. Lindner (2004)
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            Prostate cancer diagnosis: multiparametric MR-targeted biopsy with cognitive and transrectal US-MR fusion guidance versus systematic biopsy--prospective multicenter study.

            To compare biopsy performance of two approaches for multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR)-targeted biopsy (TB) with that of extended systematic biopsy (SB) in prostate cancer (PCa) detection.
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              Plasma membrane poration induced by ultrasound exposure: implication for drug delivery.

              Sonoporation, in the presence of ultrasound contrast agents (UCA), is a technique that permits the transfer of drugs, including genes, into cells. In this study, the size of the pores created by ultrasound application, and the duration of pore opening, have been characterized via indirect molecular probing and microscopic observation. Internalization of molecules with diameters up to 37 nm was efficient and generally well-tolerated; on the other hand, confocal microscopy revealed that 75 nm particles entered only a few cells when sonoporation was applied. In general, the larger the species to internalize, the poorer the transfer. Direct visualization of pores following insonification, using scanning electron microscopy, was hampered by the presence of numerous villi on the surface of the cells employed (MAT B III), and by the short duration of pore opening. Clearer observations of porated regions were possible using red blood cells. This research (i) confirms that sonoporation is a means with which to achieve macromolecule delivery into cells, and (ii) characterizes in some detail the phenomenon of ultrasound induction of transient pores in the cell membrane.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                27 February 2015
                March 2015
                : 15
                : 3
                : 4947-4957
                Affiliations
                Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3–9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; E-Mail: snfts7974@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: hu0428@ 123456med.yokohama-cu.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-45-401-2411; Fax: +81-45-431-6920.
                Article
                sensors-15-04947
                10.3390/s150304947
                4435116
                25734645
                278d96a4-4990-4cd3-88d1-e350fbd673a5
                © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 17 December 2014
                : 10 February 2015
                Categories
                Review

                Biomedical engineering
                prostate cancer,contrast-enhanced ultrasound,targeted biopsy,microbubbles

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