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      Ocean Acidification Effects on Atlantic Cod Larval Survival and Recruitment to the Fished Population

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          Abstract

          How fisheries will be impacted by climate change is far from understood. While some fish populations may be able to escape global warming via range shifts, they cannot escape ocean acidification (OA), an inevitable consequence of the dissolution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in marine waters. How ocean acidification affects population dynamics of commercially important fish species is critical for adapting management practices of exploited fish populations. Ocean acidification has been shown to impair fish larvae’s sensory abilities, affect the morphology of otoliths, cause tissue damage and cause behavioural changes. Here, we obtain first experimental mortality estimates for Atlantic cod larvae under OA and incorporate these effects into recruitment models. End-of-century levels of ocean acidification (~1100 μatm according to the IPCC RCP 8.5) resulted in a doubling of daily mortality rates compared to present-day CO 2 concentrations during the first 25 days post hatching (dph), a critical phase for population recruitment. These results were consistent under different feeding regimes, stocking densities and in two cod populations (Western Baltic and Barents Sea stock). When mortality data were included into Ricker-type stock-recruitment models, recruitment was reduced to an average of 8 and 24% of current recruitment for the two populations, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of including vulnerable early life stages when addressing effects of climate change on fish stocks.

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          Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming

          Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As research on the topic expands at an exponential rate, a comprehensive understanding of the variability in organisms' responses and corresponding levels of certainty is necessary to forecast the ecological effects. Here, we perform the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date by synthesizing the results of 228 studies examining biological responses to ocean acidification. The results reveal decreased survival, calcification, growth, development and abundance in response to acidification when the broad range of marine organisms is pooled together. However, the magnitude of these responses varies among taxonomic groups, suggesting there is some predictable trait-based variation in sensitivity, despite the investigation of approximately 100 new species in recent research. The results also reveal an enhanced sensitivity of mollusk larvae, but suggest that an enhanced sensitivity of early life history stages is not universal across all taxonomic groups. In addition, the variability in species' responses is enhanced when they are exposed to acidification in multi-species assemblages, suggesting that it is important to consider indirect effects and exercise caution when forecasting abundance patterns from single-species laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the results suggest that other factors, such as nutritional status or source population, could cause substantial variation in organisms' responses. Last, the results highlight a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to acidification when taxa are concurrently exposed to elevated seawater temperature.
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            Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish.

            The persistence of most coastal marine species depends on larvae finding suitable adult habitat at the end of an offshore dispersive stage that can last weeks or months. We tested the effects that ocean acidification from elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) could have on the ability of larvae to detect olfactory cues from adult habitats. Larval clownfish reared in control seawater (pH 8.15) discriminated between a range of cues that could help them locate reef habitat and suitable settlement sites. This discriminatory ability was disrupted when larvae were reared in conditions simulating CO(2)-induced ocean acidification. Larvae became strongly attracted to olfactory stimuli they normally avoided when reared at levels of ocean pH that could occur ca. 2100 (pH 7.8) and they no longer responded to any olfactory cues when reared at pH levels (pH 7.6) that might be attained later next century on a business-as-usual carbon-dioxide emissions trajectory. If acidification continues unabated, the impairment of sensory ability will reduce population sustainability of many marine species, with potentially profound consequences for marine diversity.
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              Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification.

              There is increasing concern that ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of additional CO(2) at the ocean surface, could affect the functioning of marine ecosystems; however, the mechanisms by which population declines will occur have not been identified, especially for noncalcifying species such as fishes. Here, we use a combination of laboratory and field-based experiments to show that levels of dissolved CO(2) predicted to occur in the ocean this century alter the behavior of larval fish and dramatically decrease their survival during recruitment to adult populations. Altered behavior of larvae was detected at 700 ppm CO(2), with many individuals becoming attracted to the smell of predators. At 850 ppm CO(2), the ability to sense predators was completely impaired. Larvae exposed to elevated CO(2) were more active and exhibited riskier behavior in natural coral-reef habitat. As a result, they had 5-9 times higher mortality from predation than current-day controls, with mortality increasing with CO(2) concentration. Our results show that additional CO(2) absorbed into the ocean will reduce recruitment success and have far-reaching consequences for the sustainability of fish populations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                23 August 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 8
                : e0155448
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
                [2 ]Sustainable Fisheries, Department of Economics, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
                [3 ]Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
                [4 ]Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
                [5 ]Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
                [6 ]Nofima AS, Tromsø, Norway
                Stony Brook University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MHS CC MS. Performed the experiments: MHS FHM MS FJ CC VP AM. Analyzed the data: MHS TBHR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MC RV. Wrote the paper: MHS TBHR FHM RV CC.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-03859
                10.1371/journal.pone.0155448
                4995109
                27551924
                279d1b26-9f6f-4bc1-b5fd-cd5c96227abc
                © 2016 Stiasny et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 February 2016
                : 28 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;
                Award ID: Art 185
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;
                Award ID: 03F0682A
                Award Recipient :
                Funding was provided through the BIOACID project (BIOlogical Impacts of Ocean ACIDification) funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), http://www.bioacid.de/; the AquaExcel transnational access grant for aquaculture infrastructures, http://www.aquaexcel.eu/; and the Bonus Baltic Sea research and development programme (Art 185) BIO-C3 project, funded jointly by the EU and the BMBF (Grant No. 03F0682A), https://www.bio-c3.eu/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Oceanography
                Ocean Acidification
                People and Places
                Demography
                Death Rates
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Metrics
                Death Rates
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fishes
                Marine Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Metamorphosis
                Larvae
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Marine Ecology
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Marine Ecology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Ecology
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Ecology
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Carbon Dioxide
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Fish Biology
                Fish Physiology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Physiology
                Vertebrate Physiology
                Fish Physiology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Fisheries
                Custom metadata
                All data files are available from the pangea database under https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.858616.

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