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      Cellular Strategies for Frequency-Dependent Computation of Interaural Time Difference

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          Abstract

          Binaural coincidence detection is the initial step in encoding interaural time differences (ITDs) for sound-source localization. In birds, neurons in the nucleus laminaris (NL) play a central role in this process. These neurons receive excitatory synaptic inputs on dendrites from both sides of the cochlear nucleus and compare their coincidences at the soma. The NL is tonotopically organized, and individual neurons receive a pattern of synaptic inputs that are specific to their tuning frequency. NL neurons differ in their dendritic morphology along the tonotopic axis; their length increases with lower tuning frequency. In addition, our series of studies have revealed several frequency-dependent refinements in the morphological and biophysical characteristics of NL neurons, such as the amount and subcellular distribution of ion channels and excitatory and inhibitory synapses, which enable the neurons to process the frequency-specific pattern of inputs appropriately and encode ITDs at each frequency band. In this review, we will summarize these refinements of NL neurons and their implications for the ITD coding. We will also discuss the similarities and differences between avian and mammalian coincidence detectors.

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          Most cited references74

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          Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels: from genes to function.

          Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels comprise a small subfamily of proteins within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. In mammals, the HCN channel family comprises four members (HCN1-4) that are expressed in heart and nervous system. The current produced by HCN channels has been known as I(h) (or I(f) or I(q)). I(h) has also been designated as pacemaker current, because it plays a key role in controlling rhythmic activity of cardiac pacemaker cells and spontaneously firing neurons. Extensive studies over the last decade have provided convincing evidence that I(h) is also involved in a number of basic physiological processes that are not directly associated with rhythmicity. Examples for these non-pacemaking functions of I(h) are the determination of the resting membrane potential, dendritic integration, synaptic transmission, and learning. In this review we summarize recent insights into the structure, function, and cellular regulation of HCN channels. We also discuss in detail the different aspects of HCN channel physiology in the heart and nervous system. To this end, evidence on the role of individual HCN channel types arising from the analysis of HCN knockout mouse models is discussed. Finally, we provide an overview of the impact of HCN channels on the pathogenesis of several diseases and discuss recent attempts to establish HCN channels as drug targets.
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            Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated t-type calcium channels.

            T-type Ca2+ channels were originally called low-voltage-activated (LVA) channels because they can be activated by small depolarizations of the plasma membrane. In many neurons Ca2+ influx through LVA channels triggers low-threshold spikes, which in turn triggers a burst of action potentials mediated by Na+ channels. Burst firing is thought to play an important role in the synchronized activity of the thalamus observed in absence epilepsy, but may also underlie a wider range of thalamocortical dysrhythmias. In addition to a pacemaker role, Ca2+ entry via T-type channels can directly regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, which is an important second messenger for a variety of cellular processes. Molecular cloning revealed the existence of three T-type channel genes. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a similar four-repeat structure to that found in high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ channels, and Na+ channels, indicating that they are evolutionarily related. Hence, the alpha1-subunits of T-type channels are now designated Cav3. Although mRNAs for all three Cav3 subtypes are expressed in brain, they vary in terms of their peripheral expression, with Cav3.2 showing the widest expression. The electrophysiological activities of recombinant Cav3 channels are very similar to native T-type currents and can be differentiated from HVA channels by their activation at lower voltages, faster inactivation, slower deactivation, and smaller conductance of Ba2+. The Cav3 subtypes can be differentiated by their kinetics and sensitivity to block by Ni2+. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of T-type currents, their distribution, regulation, pharmacology, and cloning.
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              A place theory of sound localization.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Synaptic Neurosci
                Front Synaptic Neurosci
                Front. Synaptic Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1663-3563
                06 May 2022
                2022
                : 14
                : 891740
                Affiliations
                Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Tomoe Ishikawa, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States

                Reviewed by: Yong Lu, Northeast Ohio Medical University, United States; Go Ashida, University of Oldenburg, Germany

                *Correspondence: Rei Yamada yamada@ 123456med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
                Article
                10.3389/fnsyn.2022.891740
                9120351
                27e42b57-7a51-4427-81a8-e0cdbcbf9db7
                Copyright © 2022 Yamada and Kuba.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 08 March 2022
                : 04 April 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 74, Pages: 7, Words: 5843
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, doi 10.13039/501100001700;
                Funded by: Takeda Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100007449;
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Mini Review

                Neurosciences
                interaural time difference,coincidence detection,synapse,dendrite,ion channel
                Neurosciences
                interaural time difference, coincidence detection, synapse, dendrite, ion channel

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