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      Tutorial for writing systematic reviews for the Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy (BJPT)

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          Abstract

          Systematic reviews aim to summarize all evidence using very rigorous methods in order to address a specific research question with less bias as possible. Systematic reviews are widely used in the field of physical therapy, however not all reviews have good quality. This tutorial aims to guide authors of the Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy on how systematic reviews should be conducted and reported in order to be accepted for publication. It is expected that this tutorial will help authors of systematic reviews as well as journal editors and reviewers on how to conduct, report, critically appraise and interpret this type of study design.

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          What are the Main Running-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries?

          Background Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in runners and despite many studies about running injuries conducted over the past decades it is not clear in the literature what are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries (RRMIs). Objective The aim of this study is to systematically review studies on the incidence and prevalence of the main specific RRMIs. Methods An electronic database search was conducted using EMBASE (1947 to October 2011), MEDLINE (1966 to October 2011), SPORTDiscus™ (1975 to October 2011), the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS) [1982 to October 2011] and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) [1998 to October 2011] with no limits of date or language of publication. Articles that described the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were considered eligible. Studies that reported only the type of injury, anatomical region or incomplete data that precluded interpretation of the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were excluded. We extracted data regarding bibliometric characteristics, study design, description of the population of runners, RRMI definition, how the data of RRMIs were collected and the name of each RRMI with their rates of incidence or prevalence. Separate analysis for ultra-marathoners was performed. Among 2924 potentially eligible titles, eight studies (pooled n = 3500 runners) were considered eligible for the review. In general, the articles had moderate risk of bias and only one fulfilled less than half of the quality criteria established. Results A total of 28 RRMIs were found and the main general RRMIs were medial tibial stress syndrome (incidence ranging from 13.6% to 20.0%; prevalence of 9.5%), Achilles tendinopathy (incidence ranging from 9.1% to 10.9%; prevalence ranging from 6.2% to 9.5%) and plantar fasciitis (incidence ranging from 4.5% to 10.0%; prevalence ranging from 5.2% to 17.5%). The main ultra-marathon RRMIs were Achilles tendinopathy (prevalence ranging from 2.0% to 18.5%) and patellofemoral syndrome (prevalence ranging from 7.4% to 15.6%). Conclusion This systematic review provides evidence that medial tibia stress syndrome, Achilles tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis were the main general RRMIs, while Achilles tendinopathy and patellofemoral syndrome were the most common RRMIs for runners who participated in ultra-marathon races.
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            Placing the global burden of low back pain in context.

            The latest Global Burden of Disease Study, published at the end of 2012, has highlighted the enormous global burden of low back pain. In contrast to the previous study, when it was ranked 105 out of 136 conditions, low back pain is now the leading cause of disability globally, ahead of 290 other conditions. It was estimated to be responsible for 58.2 million years lived with disability in 1990, increasing to 83 million in 2010. This chapter illustrates the ways that the Global Burden of Disease data can be displayed using the data visualisation tools specifically designed for this purpose. It also considers how best to increase the precision of future global burden of low back pain estimates by identifying limitations in the available data and priorities for further research. Finally, it discusses what should be done at a policy level to militate against the rising burden of this condition. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Presenting Results and‘Summary of Findings’ Tables

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Braz J Phys Ther
                Braz J Phys Ther
                rbfis
                Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy
                Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia
                1413-3555
                1809-9246
                Nov-Dec 2014
                : 18
                : 6
                : 471-480
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Departamento de Terapia Ocupacional, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional (EEFFTO), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
                [2 ]Laboratório de Biomecânica e Epidemiologia Clínica, Grupo PAIFIT, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
                [3 ]Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, EEFFTO, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
                [4 ]Programa de Mestrado e Doutorado em Fisioterapia, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                [5 ]Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
                Author notes
                *Correspondence Leonardo Oliveira Pena Costa Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID) Programa de Mestrado e Doutorado em Fisioterapia Rua Cesário Galeno, 448, Tatuapé CEP 03071-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil e-mail: lcos3060@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0077
                4311592
                25590440
                27e9e565-3394-41f5-b80c-014f451984f2

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 February 2014
                : 12 April 2014
                : 12 May 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Tutorial

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