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      Tinnitus- related distress: evidence from fMRI of an emotional stroop task

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          Abstract

          Background

          Chronic tinnitus affects 5 % of the population, 17 % suffer under the condition. This distress seems mainly to be dependent on negative cognitive-emotional evaluation of the tinnitus and selective attention to the tinnitus. A well-established paradigm to examine selective attention and emotional processing is the Emotional Stroop Task (EST). Recent models of tinnitus distress propose limbic, frontal and parietal regions to be more active in highly distressed tinnitus patients. Only a few studies have compared high and low distressed tinnitus patients. Thus, this study aimed to explore neural correlates of tinnitus-related distress.

          Methods

          Highly distressed tinnitus patients (HDT, n = 16), low distressed tinnitus patients (LDT, n = 16) and healthy controls (HC, n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an EST, that used tinnitus-related words and neutral words as stimuli. A random effects analysis of the fMRI data was conducted on the basis of the general linear model. Furthermore correlational analyses between the blood oxygen level dependent response and tinnitus distress, loudness, depression, anxiety, vocabulary and hypersensitivity to sound were performed.

          Results

          Contradictory to the hypothesis, highly distressed patients showed no Stroop effect in their reaction times. As hypothesized HDT and LDT differed in the activation of the right insula and the orbitofrontal cortex. There were no hypothesized differences between HDT and HC. Activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and the right insula were found to correlate with tinnitus distress.

          Conclusions

          The results are partially supported by earlier resting-state studies and corroborate the role of the insula and the orbitofrontal cortex in tinnitus distress.

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          Most cited references70

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          Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus.

          Brent Vogt (2005)
          Acute pain and emotion are processed in two forebrain networks, and the cingulate cortex is involved in both. Although Brodmann's cingulate gyrus had two divisions and was not based on any functional criteria, functional imaging studies still use this model. However, recent cytoarchitectural studies of the cingulate gyrus support a four-region model, with subregions, that is based on connections and qualitatively unique functions. Although the activity evoked by pain and emotion has been widely reported, some view them as emergent products of the brain rather than of small aggregates of neurons. Here, we assess pain and emotion in each cingulate subregion, and assess whether pain is co-localized with negative affect. Amazingly, these activation patterns do not simply overlap.
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            The neural bases of emotion regulation: reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion.

            Emotion regulation strategies are thought to differ in when and how they influence the emotion-generative process. However, no study to date has directly probed the neural bases of two contrasting (e.g., cognitive versus behavioral) emotion regulation strategies. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cognitive reappraisal (a cognitive strategy thought to have its impact early in the emotion-generative process) and expressive suppression (a behavioral strategy thought to have its impact later in the emotion-generative process). Seventeen women viewed 15 sec neutral and negative emotion-eliciting films under four conditions--watch-neutral, watch-negative, reappraise-negative, and suppress-negative--while providing emotion experience ratings and having their facial expressions videotaped. Reappraisal resulted in early (0-4.5 sec) prefrontal cortex (PFC) responses, decreased negative emotion experience, and decreased amygdala and insular responses. Suppression produced late (10.5-15 sec) PFC responses, decreased negative emotion behavior and experience, but increased amygdala and insular responses. These findings demonstrate the differential efficacy of reappraisal and suppression on emotional experience, facial behavior, and neural response and highlight intriguing differences in the temporal dynamics of these two emotion regulation strategies.
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              Screening psychischer Störungen mit dem “Gesundheitsfragebogen für Patienten (PHQ-D)“

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                D.Golm@soton.ac.uk
                carsten.schmidt-samoa@med.uni-goettingen.de
                pdechen@gwdg.de
                bkroene@uni-goettingen.de
                Journal
                BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord
                BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord
                BMC Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
                BioMed Central (London )
                1472-6815
                5 August 2016
                5 August 2016
                2016
                : 16
                : 10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University, Georg-Elias-Mueller-Institute of Psychology, Gosslerstrasse 14, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
                [2 ]Georg-August-University, UMG, MR-Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
                [3 ]University of Southampton, Academic Unit of Psychology, Developmental Brain Behaviour Laboratory, Highfield Campus, Building 44, SO17 1 BJ Southampton, UK
                Article
                29
                10.1186/s12901-016-0029-1
                4975911
                27499700
                282645dd-95d2-4dea-b203-21fa81dc20f4
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 29 January 2016
                : 21 July 2016
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Otolaryngology
                Otolaryngology

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