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      Etiopatogênese Molecular dos Tumores Corticotróficos Translated title: Molecular Etiopathogenesis of Corticotrophic Tumors

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          Abstract

          Os corticotrofinomas representam aproximadamente 80% dos casos de síndrome de Cushing de origem endógena em adultos. Na última década, foram feitos avanços consideráveis na compreensão do desenvolvimento da hipófise anterior, na patogênese dos tumores hipofisários e nos fatores envolvidos na progressão tumoral. A aplicação do conceito geral de tumorigênese é adequada aos tumores corticotróficos, sendo este um processo que envolve várias etapas, resultantes da interação de eventos iniciadores e subseqüentemente de fatores promotores, sendo portanto multifatorial. De modo geral, oncogenes e genes de supressão tumoral freqüentemente relacionados a outros tipos de tumores não parecem contribuir neste processo, embora alteração na expressão de alguns destes genes, como p53, p16 e PTTG, possa estar relacionada a um comportamento fenotípico mais agressivo. A investigação das vias regulatórias específicas dos corticotrofos, principalmente a estrutura e a expressão dos genes dos receptores do CRH, AVP e GR também não evidenciou a presença de mutações. Entretanto, é possível que alterações em regiões promotoras ou em co-fatores que regulam estes genes possam estar presentes. Estudos futuros sobres os mecanismos de regulação da célula corticotrófica normal e tumoral deverão contribuir na definição de marcadores prognósticos e no desenvolvimento de novas modalidades de tratamento.

          Translated abstract

          Corticotropinomas represent approximately 80% of the etiology of Cushing's syndrome in adults. In the past decade remarkable advances in the knowledge of the normal anterior pituitary development, in the pathogenesis of the pituitary tumors, as well as in the factors involved in the tumoral progression have been made. General principles of tumorigenesis are valid in corticotrophic tumors and it is clear that this is a multistep and multifactorial process, resulting from the interaction of initiating and promoting events. Most of the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes related to other tumor types do not seem to contribute in this process, although abnormal expression of some of these genes, like PTTG, p53 and p16 can be related to a more aggressive phenotypic behavior. Investigation of the corticotrophic-specific regulatory pathways, mainly the structure and expression of the CRH, AVP, and GR receptor genes has also not shown significant abnormalities. However, it is possible that disruption in regulatory regions of these genes or in their transcription factors could be involved. Future studies in the regulatory mechanisms of both normal and tumoral corticotrophic cells could contribute in defining better prognostic markers and eventually in the development of new therapeutic strategie

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          Most cited references98

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          CpG methylation, chromatin structure and gene silencing-a three-way connection.

          A Razin (1998)
          The three-way connection between DNA methylation, gene activity and chromatin structure has been known for almost two decades. Nevertheless, the molecular link between methyl groups on the DNA and the positioning of nucleosomes to form an inactive chromatin configuration was missing. This review discusses recent experimental data that may, for the first time, shed light on this molecular link. MeCP2, which is a known methylcytosine-binding protein, has been shown to possess a transcriptional repressor domain (TRD) that binds the corepressor mSin3A. This corepressor protein constitutes the core of a multiprotein complex that includes histone deacetylases (HDAC1 and HDAC2). Transfection and injection experiments with methylated constructs have revealed that the silenced state of a methylated gene, which is associated with a deacetylated nucleosomal structure, could be relieved by the deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A. Thus, methylation plays a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining an inactive state of a gene by rendering the chromatin structure inaccessible to the transcription machinery.
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            Early involvement of estrogen-induced pituitary tumor transforming gene and fibroblast growth factor expression in prolactinoma pathogenesis.

            Pituitary tumors are commonly encountered, and result from clonal expansion of a single mutated cell. Hypothalamic hormones, local growth factors and circulating sex steroid hormones promote pituitary tumor growth and expansion into large invasive tumors. Estrogen acting directly through its receptor and by stimulation of fibroblast growth factor regulates prolactin synthesis and secretion. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (bFGF) modulates angiogenesis, tumor formation and progression in many tissues, including the anterior pituitary. A pituitary tumor-derived transforming gene (PTTG) has been isolated, which is tumorigenic in vivo, regulates bFGF secretion, and inhibits chromatid separation. The human PTTG family consists of at least three homologous genes, of which PTTG1 is located on chromosome 5q33 and is expressed at low levels in most normal human tissues but is highly expressed in malignant human cell lines and in pituitary tumors. We report here that pituitary pttg is regulated in vivo and in vitro by estrogen. Maximal induction of rat pituitary pttg mRNA in vivo occurred early in pituitary transformation (normal cell to hypertrophic/hyperplastic cell), coincident with bFGF and vascular endothelial growth factor induction and pituitary angiogenesis. We also demonstrate that pttg expression is induced by bFGF, and show concordant pttg and bFGF expression in experimental and human pituitary adenomas. As bFGF and estrogen both induce pttg, and pttg expression coincides with the early lactotrophic hyperplastic response, angiogenesis and prolactinoma development, we propose a previously unknown paracrine growth factor-mediated mechanism for pituitary tumor pathogenesis and potentially other estrogen-regulated tumors.
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              Altered Gs and adenylate cyclase activity in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.

              Gs and Gi are guanine nucleotide-binding, heterotrimer proteins that regulate the activity of adenylate cyclase, and are responsible for transferring stimulatory and inhibitory hormonal signals, respectively, from cell surface receptors to the enzyme catalytic unit. These proteins can be directly activated by agents such as GTP and analogues, fluoride and magnesium. Decreased amounts of Gs and Gi, and even the absence of Gs, have been described, whereas an altered Gs has been reported in a cultured cell line (UNC variant of S49 lymphoma cells), but has never been observed in human disease states. We have found a profoundly altered Gs protein in a group of human growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas, characterized by high secretory activity and intracellular cyclic AMP levels. In the membranes from these tumours no stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by growth hormone-releasing hormone, by GTP or by fluoride was observed. Indeed, the last two agents caused an inhibition, probably mediated by Gi. In contrast, adenylate cyclase stimulation by Mg2+ was enormously increased. This altered pattern of adenylate cyclase regulation was reproduced when a cholate extract of the tumour membranes (which contains G proteins) was reconstituted with Gs-free, cyc- S49 cell membranes. Inasmuch as secretion from somatotrophic cells is known to be a cAMP-dependent function, the alteration of Gs could be the direct cause of the high secretory activity of the tumours in which it occurs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo )
                1677-9487
                August 2002
                : 46
                : 4
                : 361-371
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27302002000400007
                10.1590/S0004-27302002000400007
                2826ad49-7d9c-4dfb-80b8-4e133b46e5ab

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2730&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Cushing's disease,Corticotropinomas,Pathogenesis,Genes,Genetics,Doença de Cushing,Corticotrofinomas,Etiopatogênese,Genética

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