“ Enterocytozoon bieneusi  and  Cryptosporidium : a cross-sectional study conducted throughout Thailand”

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Abstract

Background

Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent zoonotic parasites associated with a high burden among children. To date only limited molecular epidemiological data on E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in humans living in Thailand has been published.

Methods

PCR-based tools were used to detect and characterize E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene was used to investigate E. bieneusi, and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was used to investigate Cryptosporidium spp., and 697 fecal samples from villagers and school children in rural areas in Thailand were analyzed.

Results

The infection rates were 2.15% (15/697) for E. bieneusi and 0.14% (1/697) for Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly high in Loei province. Sequence analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium isolate was C. parvum. Nine E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, EbpC, Peru12, TMH6, TMH3, TMH7, H, D, and two novel genotypes TMLH1 and TMLH2. E. bieneusi prevalence was significantly higher in male participants than in female participants, and in children aged 3–15 years than in participants aged > 15 years.

Conclusions

The prevalence, genotypes, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi were found to vary significantly high even in one country. Transmission routes and key animal carriers of E. bieneusi may be associated with differences in hygiene, sanitation, and cultural behaviors. Further molecular studies including longitudinal studies will be required to unveil epidemiological characteristics of these opportunistic intestinal protozoa in all over the countries.

Related collections

Most cited references 39

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A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium.

William Checkley, A. White, Devan Jaganath … (2015)

Cryptosporidium spp are well recognised as causes of diarrhoeal disease during waterborne epidemics and in immunocompromised hosts. Studies have also drawn attention to an underestimated global burden and suggest major gaps in optimum diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation. Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in low-resource settings and high-income countries have confirmed the importance of cryptosporidium as a cause of diarrhoea and childhood malnutrition. Diagnostic tests for cryptosporidium infection are suboptimum, necessitating specialised tests that are often insensitive. Antigen-detection and PCR improve sensitivity, and multiplexed antigen detection and molecular assays are underused. Therapy has some effect in healthy hosts and no proven efficacy in patients with AIDS. Use of cryptosporidium genomes has helped to identify promising therapeutic targets, and drugs are in development, but methods to assess the efficacy in vitro and in animals are not well standardised. Partial immunity after exposure suggests the potential for successful vaccines, and several are in development; however, surrogates of protection are not well defined. Improved methods for propagation and genetic manipulation of the organism would be significant advances. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs.

Una Ryan, Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao (2014)

Cryptosporidium is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that have been reported in humans, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with several Cryptosporidium species or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission of Cryptosporidium species, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for many Cryptosporidium species of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity of Cryptosporidium species and impact of climate change on the transmission of Cryptosporidium.

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Is Open Access

Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection in Humans

Olga Matos, Maria Lobo, Lihua Xiao (2012)

A review was conducted to examine published works that focus on the complex epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans. Studies on the prevalence of these emerging microsporidian pathogens in humans, in developed and developing countries, the different clinical spectra of E. bieneusi intestinal infection in children, in different settings, and the risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection have been reviewed. This paper also analyses the impact of the recent application of PCR-based molecular methods for species-specific identification and genotype differentiation has had in increasing the knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of E. bieneusi in humans. The advances in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, in the last two decades, emphasize the importance of epidemiological control and prevention of E. bieneusi infections, from both the veterinary and human medical perspectives.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Rapeepun Prasertbun: boom_rapeepan@hotmail.com

Hirotake Mori: hirotakemori@gmail.com

Yaowalark Sukthana: yaowalark.suk@mahidol.edu

Supaluk Popruk: supaluk.pop@mahidol.ac.th

Teera Kusolsuk: teera.kus@mahidol.ac.th

Katsuro Hagiwara: k-hagi@rakuno.ac.jp

Aongart Mahittikorn: +66 (0) 2354 9100-4 , aongart.mah@mahidol.ac.th

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Infect Dis

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Infect. Dis

Title: BMC Infectious Diseases

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2334

Publication date (Electronic): 14 September 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 14 September 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 19

Electronic Location Identifier: 808

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0490, GRID grid.10223.32, Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, , Mahidol University, ; Bangkok, Thailand

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1762 2738, GRID grid.258269.2, Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, , Juntendo University, ; Tokyo, Japan

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0490, GRID grid.10223.32, Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, , Mahidol University, ; Bangkok, Thailand

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 6856, GRID grid.412658.c, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, , Rakuno Gakuen University, ; Hokkaido, Japan

Article

Publisher ID: 4422

DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4422-4

PMC ID: 6744698

PubMed ID: 31521133

SO-VID: 2848a696-3efd-47c5-930f-2e56a3bc83c6

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.