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      Glial influence on the Blood Brain Barrier

      review-article
      , ,
      Glia
      BlackWell Publishing Ltd
      astrocyte, BBB, glial, astrogliosis, multiple sclerosis

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          Abstract

          The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is a specialized vascular structure tightly regulating central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Endothelial cells are the central component of the BBB and control of their barrier phenotype resides on astrocytes and pericytes. Interactions between these cells and the endothelium promote and maintain many of the physiological and metabolic characteristics that are unique to the BBB. In this review we describe recent findings related to the involvement of astroglial cells, including radial glial cells, in the induction of barrier properties during embryogenesis and adulthood. In addition, we describe changes that occur in astrocytes and endothelial cells during injury and inflammation with a particular emphasis on alterations of the BBB phenotype. GLIA 2013;61:1939–1958

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          Is Open Access

          The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress.

          A major mechanism in the cellular defense against oxidative or electrophilic stress is activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway, which controls the expression of genes whose protein products are involved in the detoxication and elimination of reactive oxidants and electrophilic agents through conjugative reactions and by enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity. At the molecular level, however, the regulatory mechanisms involved in mediating Nrf2 activation are not fully understood. It is well established that Nrf2 activity is controlled, in part, by the cytosolic protein Keap1, but the nature of this pathway and the mechanisms by which Keap1 acts to repress Nrf2 activity remain to be fully characterized and are the topics of discussion in this minireview. In addition, a possible role of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element transcriptional pathway in neuroprotection will also be discussed.
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            Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study.

            Multiple sclerosis has a clinically significant heritable component. We conducted a genomewide association study to identify alleles associated with the risk of multiple sclerosis. We used DNA microarray technology to identify common DNA sequence variants in 931 family trios (consisting of an affected child and both parents) and tested them for association. For replication, we genotyped another 609 family trios, 2322 case subjects, and 789 control subjects and used genotyping data from two external control data sets. A joint analysis of data from 12,360 subjects was performed to estimate the overall significance and effect size of associations between alleles and the risk of multiple sclerosis. A transmission disequilibrium test of 334,923 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 931 family trios revealed 49 SNPs having an association with multiple sclerosis (P<1x10(-4)); of these SNPs, 38 were selected for the second-stage analysis. A comparison between the 931 case subjects from the family trios and 2431 control subjects identified an additional nonoverlapping 32 SNPs (P<0.001). An additional 40 SNPs with less stringent P values (<0.01) were also selected, for a total of 110 SNPs for the second-stage analysis. Of these SNPs, two within the interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene (IL2RA) were strongly associated with multiple sclerosis (P=2.96x10(-8)), as were a nonsynonymous SNP in the interleukin-7 receptor alpha gene (IL7RA) (P=2.94x10(-7)) and multiple SNPs in the HLA-DRA locus (P=8.94x10(-81)). Alleles of IL2RA and IL7RA and those in the HLA locus are identified as heritable risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke.

              Cerebral edema contributes significantly to morbidity and death associated with many common neurological disorders. However, current treatment options are limited to hyperosmolar agents and surgical decompression, therapies introduced more than 70 years ago. Here we show that mice deficient in aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a glial membrane water channel, have much better survival than wild-type mice in a model of brain edema caused by acute water intoxication. Brain tissue water content and swelling of pericapillary astrocytic foot processes in AQP4-deficient mice were significantly reduced. In another model of brain edema, focal ischemic stroke produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, AQP4-deficient mice had improved neurological outcome. Cerebral edema, as measured by percentage of hemispheric enlargement at 24 h, was decreased by 35% in AQP4-deficient mice. These results implicate a key role for AQP4 in modulating brain water transport, and suggest that AQP4 inhibition may provide a new therapeutic option for reducing brain edema in a wide variety of cerebral disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Glia
                Glia
                glia
                Glia
                BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                0894-1491
                1098-1136
                December 2013
                07 October 2013
                : 61
                : 12
                : 1939-1958
                Affiliations
                Neuroimmunology unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal, Québec, Canada
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Jorge Ivan Alvarez, Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (Y-3608), CRCHUM-Notre-Dame Hospital, 2099 Alexandre de Seve, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2L 2W5. E-mail: jorge.alvarez@ 123456umontreal.ca
                Article
                10.1002/glia.22575
                4068281
                24123158
                2848ea46-c320-4ea4-b730-c463951ad924
                Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
                History
                : 17 May 2013
                : 13 August 2013
                : 19 August 2013
                Categories
                Review Articles

                Neurosciences
                astrocyte,bbb,glial,astrogliosis,multiple sclerosis
                Neurosciences
                astrocyte, bbb, glial, astrogliosis, multiple sclerosis

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