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      Helminths and human ancestral immune ecology: What is the evidence for high helminth loads among foragers? : Forager Helminth Loads and Immune Ecology

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      American Journal of Human Biology
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis.

          Man has moved rapidly from the hunter-gatherer environment to the living conditions of the rich industrialized countries. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that the resulting changed and reduced pattern of exposure to microorganisms has led to disordered regulation of the immune system, and hence to increases in certain inflammatory disorders. The concept began with the allergic disorders, but there are now good reasons for extending it to autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, neuroinflammatory disorders, atherosclerosis, depression associated with raised inflammatory cytokines, and some cancers. This review discusses these possibilities in the context of Darwinian medicine, which uses knowledge of evolution to cast light on human diseases. The Darwinian approach enables one to correctly identify some of the organisms that are important for the 'Hygiene' or 'Old Friends' hypothesis, and to point to the potential exploitation of these organisms or their components in novel types of prophylaxis with applications in several branches of medicine.
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            Associations between intermediate age-related macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the Carotenoids in Age-related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative.

            To evaluate the relationship between dietary lutein plus zeaxanthin and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Women aged 50 to 79 years in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Oregon with intake of lutein plus zeaxanthin above the 78th (high) and below the 28th (low) percentiles at baseline in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were recruited 4 to 7 years later into the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS), when the presence of AMD was determined by fundus photographs. Logistic regression analyses examined the prevalence of AMD in 1787 CAREDS participants, after accounting for potential covariates. The prevalence of intermediate AMD was not statistically different between the high and low lutein plus zeaxanthin intake recruitment groups after adjusting for age (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.23). Limiting analyses to women younger than 75 years with stable intake of lutein plus zeaxanthin, without a history of chronic diseases that are often associated with diet changes, substantially lowered odds ratios (0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.95). Exploratory analyses of advanced AMD in 34 participants resulted in protective, but statistically nonsignificant, associations in the overall sample and in women younger than 75 years. Diets rich in lutein plus zeaxanthin may protect against intermediate AMD in healthy women younger than 75 years.
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              A worm's eye view of the immune system: consequences for evolution of human autoimmune disease.

              Humans and the many parasites that we can host have co-evolved over millions of years. This has been compared to an arms race in which the immune armoury of the human has evolved to deal with potential pathogens and the pathogen has evolved strategies to evade, and in some cases use, the immune system of the human host. Recently, there have been marked changes in the exposure of individuals in the developed world to both microorganisms and metazoan parasites, so the immune stimuli such organisms provide no longer have a role in our lives. As we discuss here, this is a marked perturbation, and the absence of the associated immunomodulation might have led to the increased emergence of autoimmune diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                American Journal of Human Biology
                Am. J. Hum. Biol.
                Wiley-Blackwell
                10420533
                March 04 2014
                March 04 2014
                : 26
                : 2
                : 124-129
                Article
                10.1002/ajhb.22503
                24469911
                28524737-115a-45a7-8bf0-6b2aa559bd38
                © 2014

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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