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      Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis-neurocircuits, signals and mediators.

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          Abstract

          Body weight is tightly controlled in a species-specific range from insects to vertebrates and organisms have developed a complex regulatory network in order to avoid either excessive weight gain or chronic weight loss. Energy homeostasis, a term comprising all processes that aim to maintain stability of the metabolic state, requires a constant communication of the different organs involved; i.e. adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas and the central nervous system (CNS). A tight hormonal network ensures rapid communication to control initiation and cessation of eating, nutrient processing and partitioning of the available energy within different organs and metabolic pathways. Moreover, recent experiments indicate that many of these homeostatic signals modulate the neural circuitry of food reward and motivation. Disturbances in each individual system can affect the maintenance and regulation of the others, making the analysis of energy homeostasis and its dysregulation highly complex. Though this cross-talk has been intensively studied for many years now, we are far from a complete understanding of how energy balance is maintained and multiple key questions remain unanswered. This review summarizes some of the latest developments in the field and focuses on the effects of leptin, insulin, and nutrient-related signals in the central regulation of feeding behavior. The integrated view, how these signals interact and the definition of functional neurocircuits in control of energy homeostasis, will ultimately help to develop new therapeutic interventions within the current obesity epidemic.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Front Neuroendocrinol
          Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
          Elsevier BV
          1095-6808
          0091-3022
          Jan 2010
          : 31
          : 1
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Germany.
          Article
          S0091-3022(09)00065-X
          10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.08.002
          19729032
          28555e56-1313-4702-a6e4-a115385cc316
          2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          History

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