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      Happiness and life expectancy by main occupational position among older workers: Who will live longer and happy?

      research-article
      a , , b
      SSM - Population Health
      Elsevier
      Happy life expectancy, Occupation, Aging, Spain

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          Abstract

          Current concerns about aging populations are being translated into legislations to postpone the statutory age at retirement. However, if this is done without considering inequalities in longevity across occupational groups, some may face higher vulnerabilities than others. We examine differences in life expectancy and happiness by occupational position for the Spanish population aged 50 and over. We use happiness as a measure of subjective wellbeing, and compute life expectancy and happy life expectancy by sex and main occupation. Age-specific death rates are calculated using administrative data, and happiness prevalence comes from the European Social Survey. We show that both men and women in managerial positions were advantaged in terms of life expectancy, but only men record more years with happiness. In addition, women in routine jobs were the ones who could expect to live shorter and unhappier. Postponing the statutory age at retirement without considering these differences could be detrimental to women's wellbeing and health.

          Highlights

          • This is first study that documents the general pattern on inequalities in longevity by gender and main occupational position in Spain.

          • We show that women in routine jobs were systematically the ones who were expected to live shorter and unhappier.

          • Men and women in managerial positions lived longer, but only men record more years with happiness.

          • After retirement, the gap in life expectancy across groups decreased among men but increased among women.

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          Most cited references55

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          Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory

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            Emotional experience improves with age: evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling.

            Recent evidence suggests that emotional well-being improves from early adulthood to old age. This study used experience-sampling to examine the developmental course of emotional experience in a representative sample of adults spanning early to very late adulthood. Participants (N = 184, Wave 1; N = 191, Wave 2; N = 178, Wave 3) reported their emotional states at five randomly selected times each day for a one week period. Using a measurement burst design, the one-week sampling procedure was repeated five and then ten years later. Cross-sectional and growth curve analyses indicate that aging is associated with more positive overall emotional well-being, with greater emotional stability and with more complexity (as evidenced by greater co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions). These findings remained robust after accounting for other variables that may be related to emotional experience (personality, verbal fluency, physical health, and demographic variables). Finally, emotional experience predicted mortality; controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity, individuals who experienced relatively more positive than negative emotions in everyday life were more likely to have survived over a 13 year period. Findings are discussed in the theoretical context of socioemotional selectivity theory. (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved.
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              Happiness and Productivity

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                SSM Popul Health
                SSM Popul Health
                SSM - Population Health
                Elsevier
                2352-8273
                14 January 2021
                March 2021
                14 January 2021
                : 13
                : 100735
                Affiliations
                [a ]Centre D'Estudis Demogràfics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/ Ca N'Altayó, E2, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
                [b ]DemoSoc Research Group, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. mlozano@ 123456ced.uab.es
                Article
                S2352-8273(21)00010-0 100735
                10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100735
                7815996
                33511266
                285ce5c9-cac6-4e12-bcd2-10be9acf0131
                © 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 19 October 2020
                : 8 January 2021
                : 9 January 2021
                Categories
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                happy life expectancy,occupation,aging,spain
                happy life expectancy, occupation, aging, spain

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