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      Las psicoterapias en los equipos públicos. De la preferencia personal a la respuesta terapéutica necesaria Translated title: Psychotherapies in the public health care system. From a personal preference to a necessary therapeutic response

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Las psicoterapias, en plural, constituyen un recurso terapéutico fundamental que con frecuencia se oferta muy escasamente en el sistema público de salud mental. Los psicoterapeutas mantenemos a menudo actitudes dogmáticas que perturban la difusión de las técnicas y su implementación. Es imprescindible una perspectiva biopsicosocial real y, a la vez, una actitud integradora auténtica que recoja la realidad múltiple de lo psíquico y los diferentes modos de acercarse a ello. Las autoridades sanitarias tienden a prestar escasa atención real a este tema y existe una asombrosa indiferencia por parte de profesionales, autoridades, pacientes y sociedad en general ante el hecho gravísimo de que no se está ofertando a los pacientes tratamientos que en algunas ocasiones constituyen la única intervención eficaz que se conoce. Conviene realizar una autocrítica al examinar los factores que influyen en esta preocupante situación, pues algunas variables importantes dependen de nosotros, los propios psicoterapeutas. El funcionamiento desde un dualismo trasnochado, nuestro desconocimiento de las abundantes evidencias que apoyan nuestra práctica, los narcisismos infantiles de las pequeñas diferencias profesionales y el hecho muy real de que los profesionales podemos optar sencillamente por no hacer psicoterapia en nuestra práctica diaria son aspectos que merecen una seria reflexión. Las psicoterapias no son prácticas atractivas que debieran depender de peripecias formativas o biográficas de los clínicos concretos, sino potentes herramientas terapéuticas que tenemos la obligación de proporcionar a nuestros pacientes y que, además, suponen una manera especialmente humana, digna y respetuosa de construir vínculos significativos con ellos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Psychotherapies, in plural, are a fundamental therapeutic resource that is often hardly provided in the public health care system. Psychotherapists usually hold dogmatic attitudes that disrupt the spread and implementation of these techniques. A real bio-psycho-social approach and, at the same time, a genuine integrative perspective that embraces the multiple reality of the psychic and the different ways of approaching it are crucial. Health care authorities tend to overlook this issue and there is an amazing lack of interest for the professionals, authorities, patients and, in general, society's part regarding the fact that patients are not being provided with a treatment that is sometimes the only effective intervention known. Self-criticism regarding factors involved in such a worrying situation is required, since some important variables depend on psychotherapists ourselves. The outdated dualist perspective, the lack of awareness of the abundant evidence supporting our practice, the childish narcissism that lies behind little professional differences, and the very fact that professionals may simply opt out of psychotherapy in our clinical practice are aspects that should be seriously reflected upon. Psychotherapies are powerful therapeutic techniques. For this reason, their implementation should not rely on the biographical or training vicissitudes of specific clinicians, but they should be mandatorily provided by mental health professionals. In addition, they involve a specifically human way, dignified and respectful, to establish significant bonds with patients.

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          The “Id” Knows More than the “Ego” Admits: Neuropsychoanalytic and Primal Consciousness Perspectives on the Interface Between Affective and Cognitive Neuroscience

          It is commonly believed that consciousness is a higher brain function. Here we consider the likelihood, based on abundant neuroevolutionary data that lower brain affective phenomenal experiences provide the “energy” for the developmental construction of higher forms of cognitive consciousness. This view is concordant with many of the theoretical formulations of Sigmund Freud. In this reconceptualization, all of consciousness may be dependent on the original evolution of affective phenomenal experiences that coded survival values. These subcortical energies provided a foundation that could be used for the epigenetic construction of perceptual and other higher forms of consciousness. From this perspective, perceptual experiences were initially affective at the primary-process brainstem level, but capable of being elaborated by secondary learning and memory processes into tertiary-cognitive forms of consciousness. Within this view, although all individual neural activities are unconscious, perhaps along with secondary-process learning and memory mechanisms, the primal sub-neocortical networks of emotions and other primal affects may have served as the sentient scaffolding for the construction of resolved perceptual and higher mental activities within the neocortex. The data supporting this neuro-psycho-evolutionary vision of the emergence of mind is discussed in relation to classical psychoanalytical models.
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            What is neuropsychoanalysis? Clinically relevant studies of the minded brain.

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              The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments for mood, anxiety, and related disorders.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                neuropsiq
                Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría
                Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiq.
                Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0211-5735
                2340-2733
                December 2019
                : 39
                : 136
                : 189-203
                Affiliations
                [2] Basurto, Bilbao orgnameHospital Universitario de Basurto orgdiv1Servicio de Psiquiatría España
                [1] Bilbao País Vasco orgnameUniversidad del País Vasco orgdiv1Departamento de Neurociencias Spain
                Article
                S0211-57352019000200010 S0211-5735(19)03913600010
                10.4321/s0211-57352019000200010
                285fe59e-f635-476c-bccd-cbc9ae86f48e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 August 2019
                : 02 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Dossier: Psicoterapias en el Sector Público

                biopsychosocial approach,public health care system,psychotherapies,perspectiva biopsicosocial,sistema público de salud,psicoterapias

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