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      Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials

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          Abstract

          Prior to the 1970s, principles involving the fate and transport of hazardous chemicals from either hazardous waste spills or landfills into ground water and/or surface water were not fully understood. In addition, national guidance on proper waste disposal techniques was not well developed. As a result, there were many instances where hazardous waste was not disposed of properly, such as the Love Canal environmental pollution incident. This incident led to the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. This act gave the United States Environmental Protection Agency regulatory control of all stages of the hazardous waste management cycle. Presently, numerous federal agencies provide guidance on methods and approaches used to evaluate potential health effects and assess risks from contaminated source media, i.e., soil, air, and water. These agencies also establish standards of exposure or health benchmark values in the different media, which are not expected to produce environmental or human health impacts. The risk assessment methodology is used by various regulatory agencies using the following steps: i) hazard identification; ii) dose-response (quantitative) assessment; iii) exposure assessment; iv) risk characterization. The overall objectives of risk assessment are to balance risks and benefits; to set target levels; to set priorities for program activities at regulatory agencies, industrial or commercial facilities, or environmental and consumer organizations; and to estimate residual risks and extent of risk reduction.

          The chapter will provide information on the concepts used in estimating risk and hazard due to exposure to ground and surface waters contaminated from the recycling of hazardous waste and/or hazardous waste materials for each of the steps in the risk assessment process. Moreover, this chapter will provide examples of contaminated water exposure pathway calculations as well as provide information on current guidelines, databases, and resources such as current drinking water standards, health advisories, and ambient water quality criteria. Finally, specific examples of contaminants released from recycled hazardous waste materials and case studies evaluating the human health effects due to contamination of ground and surface waters from recycled hazardous waste materials will be provided and discussed.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          Rosita.Proteau@oregonstate.edu
          rgrant@tceq.state.tx.us
          Journal
          978-3-540-28564-9
          10.1007/b101938
          Water Pollution
          Water Pollution
          Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycled Wastes on Surface and Ground Waters; Risk Analysis
          978-3-540-23587-3
          978-3-540-28564-9
          7 July 2005
          2005
          : 2
          : 133-189
          Affiliations
          [1 ]GRID grid.4391.f, ISNI 0000000121121969, College of Pharmacy, , Oregon State University, ; 97331-3507 203 Pharmacy Building, Corvallis, OR USA
          [2 ]GRID grid.453251.4, ISNI 000000009632283X, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Toxicology Section, ; 78711-3087 Austin, TX USA
          Article
          5
          10.1007/b11434
          7122228
          286b73d2-337c-4b6f-ab92-5c79ab9791c8
          © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005

          This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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          © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005

          human risk assessment,recycled hazardous waste,surface water and groundwater contamination,federal guidelines on water quality,drinking water standards

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