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      The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites

      review-article
      a , b , * , a , a , b , b , c , f , f , b , b , g , g , h , h , h , i , i , i , j , k , g , l , l , l , l , d , e , a , m , l , g , n , l , m , l , the ABCD Imaging Acquisition Workgroup 1
      Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
      Elsevier
      Addiction, Adolescence, Development, Impulsivity, Memory, Reward

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          Abstract

          The ABCD study is recruiting and following the brain development and health of over 10,000 9–10 year olds through adolescence. The imaging component of the study was developed by the ABCD Data Analysis and Informatics Center (DAIC) and the ABCD Imaging Acquisition Workgroup. Imaging methods and assessments were selected, optimized and harmonized across all 21 sites to measure brain structure and function relevant to adolescent development and addiction. This article provides an overview of the imaging procedures of the ABCD study, the basis for their selection and preliminary quality assurance and results that provide evidence for the feasibility and age-appropriateness of procedures and generalizability of findings to the existent literature.

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          Most cited references47

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          FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task.

          Comparative studies have implicated striatal and mesial forebrain circuitry in the generation of autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses for incentives. Using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging, we sought to visualize functional activation of these regions in 12 normal volunteers as they anticipated and responded for monetary incentives. Both individual and group analyses of time-series data revealed significant activation of striatal and mesial forebrain structures (including insula, caudate, putamen, and mesial prefrontal cortex) during trials involving both monetary rewards and punishments. In addition to these areas, during trials involving punishment, group analysis revealed activation foci in the anterior cingulate and thalamus. These results corroborate comparative studies which implicate striatal and mesial forebrain circuitry in the elaboration of incentive-driven behavior. This report also introduces a new paradigm for probing the functional integrity of this circuitry in humans.
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            Biological substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task.

            Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood that is often characterized by emotional instability. This period is also a time of increased incidence of anxiety and depression, underscoring the importance of understanding biological substrates of behavioral and emotion regulation during adolescence. Developmental changes in the brain in concert with individual predispositions for anxiety might underlie the increased risk for poor outcomes reported during adolescence. We tested the hypothesis that difficulties in regulating behavior in emotional contexts in adolescents might be due to competition between heightened activity in subcortical emotional processing systems and immature top-down prefrontal systems. Individual differences in emotional reactivity might put some teens at greater risk during this sensitive transition in development. We examined the association between emotion regulation and frontoamygdala circuitry in 60 children, adolescents, and adults with an emotional go-nogo paradigm. We went beyond examining the magnitude of neural activity and focused on neural adaptation within this circuitry across time with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Adolescents showed exaggerated amygdala activity relative to children and adults. This age-related difference decreased with repeated exposures to the stimuli, and individual differences in self-ratings of anxiety predicted the extent of adaptation or habituation in amygdala. Individuals with higher trait anxiety showed less habituation over repeated exposures. This failure to habituate was associated with less functional connectivity between ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala. These findings suggest that exaggerated emotional reactivity during adolescence might increase the need for top-down control and put individuals with less control at greater risk for poor outcomes.
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              A developmental shift from positive to negative connectivity in human amygdala-prefrontal circuitry.

              Recent human imaging and animal studies highlight the importance of frontoamygdala circuitry in the regulation of emotional behavior and its disruption in anxiety-related disorders. Although tracing studies have suggested changes in amygdala-cortical connectivity through the adolescent period in rodents, less is known about the reciprocal connections within this circuitry across human development, when these circuits are being fine-tuned and substantial changes in emotional control are observed. The present study examined developmental changes in amygdala-prefrontal circuitry across the ages of 4-22 years using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results suggest positive amygdala-prefrontal connectivity in early childhood that switches to negative functional connectivity during the transition to adolescence. Amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity was significantly positive (greater than zero) among participants younger than 10 years, whereas functional connectivity was significantly negative (less than zero) among participants 10 years and older, over and above the effect of amygdala reactivity. The developmental switch in functional connectivity was paralleled by a steady decline in amygdala reactivity. Moreover, the valence switch might explain age-related improvement in task performance and a developmentally normative decline in anxiety. Initial positive connectivity followed by a valence shift to negative connectivity provides a neurobiological basis for regulatory development and may present novel insight into a more general process of developing regulatory connections.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dev Cogn Neurosci
                Dev Cogn Neurosci
                Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
                Elsevier
                1878-9293
                1878-9307
                14 March 2018
                August 2018
                14 March 2018
                : 32
                : 43-54
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychology, Yale University, United States
                [b ]Sackler Institute for Developmental Psycholobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, United States
                [c ]Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences and Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
                [d ]Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
                [e ]Department of Pediatric Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
                [f ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, United States
                [g ]Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of Vermont, United States
                [h ]Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
                [i ]Departments of Physics and Psychology, Florida International University, United States
                [j ]Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
                [k ]Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, United States
                [l ]Center for Human Development, Departments of Neuroscience and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, United States
                [m ]Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Oregon Health State University, United States
                [n ]Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States. BJ.Casey@ 123456Yale.edu
                Article
                S1878-9293(17)30121-4
                10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.001
                5999559
                29567376
                2895a5ce-bfef-4221-86b0-9a1d7aaf406d
                © 2018 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 26 May 2017
                : 29 January 2018
                : 2 March 2018
                Categories
                Article

                Neurosciences
                addiction,adolescence,development,impulsivity,memory,reward
                Neurosciences
                addiction, adolescence, development, impulsivity, memory, reward

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