For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
46
views
77
references
 Top references
cited by
26
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      64
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Systems Pharmacology Dissection of the Integrated Treatment for Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Disorders by Traditional Chinese Medicine

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Though cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) are different diseases associated with different organs, they are highly correlated clinically. Importantly, in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), similar treatment strategies have been applied in both diseases. However, the etiological mechanisms underlying them remain unclear. Here, an integrated systems pharmacology approach is presented for illustrating the molecular correlations between CVDs and GIDs. Firstly, we identified pairs of genes that are associated with CVDs and GIDs and found that these genes are functionally related. Then, the association between 115 heart meridian (HM) herbs and 163 stomach meridian (SM) herbs and their combination application in Chinese patent medicine was investigated, implying that both CVDs and GIDs can be treated by the same strategy. Exemplified by a classical formula Sanhe Decoration (SHD) treating chronic gastritis, we applied systems-based analysis to introduce a drug-target-pathway-organ network that clarifies mechanisms of different diseases being treated by the same strategy. The results indicate that SHD regulated several pathological processes involved in both CVDs and GIDs. We experimentally confirmed the predictions implied by the effect of SHD for myocardial ischemia. The systems pharmacology suggests a novel integrated strategy for rational drug development for complex associated diseases.

          Related collections

          Most cited references77

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol.

          J. M. Calderon-Montano, E Burgos-Morón, C Pérez-Guerrero … (2011)
          Epidemiological studies have revealed that a diet rich in plant-derived foods has a protective effect on human health. Identifying bioactive dietary constituents is an active area of scientific investigation that may lead to new drug discovery. Kaempferol (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a flavonoid found in many edible plants (e.g. tea, broccoli, cabbage, kale, beans, endive, leek, tomato, strawberries and grapes) and in plants or botanical products commonly used in traditional medicine (e.g. Ginkgo biloba, Tilia spp, Equisetum spp, Moringa oleifera, Sophora japonica and propolis). Some epidemiological studies have found a positive association between the consumption of foods containing kaempferol and a reduced risk of developing several disorders such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that kaempferol and some glycosides of kaempferol have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporotic, estrogenic/antiestrogenic, anxiolytic, analgesic and antiallergic activities. In this article, the distribution of kaempferol in the plant kingdom and its pharmacological properties are reviewed. The pharmacokinetics (e.g. oral bioavailability, metabolism, plasma levels) and safety of kaempferol are also analyzed. This information may help understand the health benefits of kaempferol-containing plants and may contribute to develop this flavonoid as a possible agent for the prevention and treatment of some diseases.
          Article 0 comments Cited 354 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Nitric oxide in immunity and inflammation.

            John Coleman (2001)
            Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesised by many cell types involved in immunity and inflammation. The principal enzyme involved is the inducible type-2 isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), which produces high-level sustained NO synthesis. NO is important as a toxic defense molecule against infectious organisms. It also regulates the functional activity, growth and death of many immune and inflammatory cell types including macrophages, T lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, mast cells, neutrophils and natural killer cells. However, the role of NO in nonspecific and specific immunity in vivo and in immunologically mediated diseases and inflammation is poorly understood. NO does not act through a receptor-its target cell specificity depends on its concentration, its chemical reactivity, the vicinity of target cells and the way that target cells are programmed to respond. At high concentrations as generated by NOS-2, NO is rapidly oxidised to reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS) that mediate most of the immunological effects of NOS-2-derived NO. RNOS can S-nitrosate thiols to modify key signalling molecules such as kinases and transcription factors. Several key enzymes in mitochondrial respiration are also inhibited by RNOS and this leads to a depletion of ATP and cellular energy. A combination of these interactions may explain the multiple actions of NO in the regulation of immune and inflammatory cells.
            Article 0 comments Cited 181 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Network analyses in systems pharmacology.

              Ravi Iyengar, Joel Berger (2009)
              Systems pharmacology is an emerging area of pharmacology which utilizes network analysis of drug action as one of its approaches. By considering drug actions and side effects in the context of the regulatory networks within which the drug targets and disease gene products function, network analysis promises to greatly increase our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the multiple actions of drugs. Systems pharmacology can provide new approaches for drug discovery for complex diseases. The integrated approach used in systems pharmacology can allow for drug action to be considered in the context of the whole genome. Network-based studies are becoming an increasingly important tool in understanding the relationships between drug action and disease susceptibility genes. This review discusses how analysis of biological networks has contributed to the genesis of systems pharmacology and how these studies have improved global understanding of drug targets, suggested new targets and approaches for therapeutics, and provided a deeper understanding of the effects of drugs. Taken together, these types of analyses can lead to new therapeutic options while improving the safety and efficacy of existing medications.
              Article 0 comments Cited 180 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 September 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 32400
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
                [2 ]Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
                [3 ]College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
                [4 ]State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process , Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222001, China
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: srep32400
                DOI: 10.1038/srep32400
                PMC ID: 5011655
                PubMed ID: 27597117
                SO-VID: 28a0cc20-f84e-4337-b3a3-58335a0540dd
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 05 April 2016
                Date accepted : 04 August 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content64

                See all similar

                Cited by26

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors2,098

                See all reference authors