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      Patrones de consumo de frutas y hortalizas en la población urbana de Venezuela Translated title: Fruit and vegetable consumption patterns in the Venezuelan urban population

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción Estudiar los patrones de consumo alimentario de una población es importante dadas las relaciones existentes entre dieta y enfermedad, en especial el consumo de frutas y hortalizas (FyH) cuyo aporte de vitaminas, minerales, fibra y compuestos bioactivos contribuye a un estado de salud integral. El objetivo fue identificar y caracterizar los patrones de consumo de frutas y hortalizas predominantes en venezolanos de 15 a 65 años y residentes en las zonas urbanas, durante el año 2015. Material y Métodos Esta investigación ha sido desarrollada con los datos del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) correspondientes a Venezuela, un estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado mediante un muestreo aleatorio, polietápico por cuotas en su última fase (registro del protocolo del estudio en Clinical Trials: NCT02226627), con el propósito de recopilar información sobre consumo de alimentos y bebidas a través de 2 recordatorios de 24 horas. La muestra representativa para Venezuela fue de 1.132 sujetos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables de consumo y un análisis de interasociaciones mediante el uso del análisis de correspondencias múltiples (ACM), seguido de un análisis de conglomerados. Resultados La mayoría de la población no consume diariamente cantidades adecuadas de FyH (231,8g), prefieren frutos amarillo-naranja antes que las hortalizas de tallos y hojas verdes. Se lograron identificar 6 patrones de consumo que se han denominado “los aliñeros” (25,5%), “los ensaladeros” (13,4%), “los tradicionales” (31,4%), “los fruteros” (23,5%), “los no consumidores de frutas” (2,9%) y “los no consumidores de hortalizas” (3,3%). Conclusiones Los hallazgos clasifican los distintos patrones de consumo de FyH encontrados, según algunas variables relevantes como tipo de alimento, cantidad consumida y color y forma de la fruta u hortaliza. Adicionalmente, ningún patrón se caracterizó por cumplir con las recomendaciones de consumo de FyH, siendo insuficientes en variedad y cantidad.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction Studying the food consumption patterns of a population is important given the relationships between diet-disease, especially the consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V) which are essential because they provide vitamins, minerals, fiber and bioactive compounds that contribute to achieve a state of integral health. The objective was to identify and characterize the most important patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in Venezuelans between ages 15 and 65 years residing in urban areas during 2015. Material and Methods This research was carried out with data belonging to Venezuela from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), a descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out by a random, multi-stage quota sampling in its last phase (Clinical Trials registry: NCT02226627), with the purpose of collecting information on consumption of food and drinks through two 24-hour records. The representative sample for Venezuela was 1,132 subjects. A descriptive analysis of the consumption variables and a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) followed by a cluster analysis was performed. Results The majority of the population does not consume an adequate amount of F&V per day (231.8g), they prefer yellow-orange fruits over vegetables with stems and green leaves. Six consumption patterns were identified, as follow: low in vegetables (25.5%), rich in vegetables (13.4%), traditional (31.4%), rich in fruit (23.5%), non-consumers of fruits (2.9%) and non-consumers of vegetables (3.3%). Conclusions The findings categorized the different patterns of consumption of F&V among Venezuelans living in urban areas, based on key variables such as the type of food, the amount consumed and, the shape and color of the fruit or vegetable. In addition, none of the patterns was characterized by meeting the F&V consumption recommendations, being insufficient in variety and quantity.

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          Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

          Summary Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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            The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes.

            The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM) is used for collecting 24-h dietary recalls in What We Eat In America, the dietary interview component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Because the data have important program and policy applications, it is essential that the validity of the method be tested. The accuracy of the AMPM was evaluated by comparing reported energy intake (EI) with total energy expenditure (TEE) by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique. The 524 volunteers, aged 30-69 y, included an equal number of men and women recruited from the Washington, DC, area. Each subject was dosed with DLW on the first day of the 2-wk study period; three 24-h recalls were collected during the 2-wk period by using the AMPM. The first recall was conducted in person, and subsequent recalls were over the telephone. Overall, the subjects underreported EI by 11% compared with TEE. Normal-weight subjects [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) 30). Although the AMPM accurately reported EIs in normal-weight subjects, research is warranted to enhance its accuracy in overweight and obese persons.
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              Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS): rationale and study design

              Background Obesity is growing at an alarming rate in Latin America. Lifestyle behaviours such as physical activity and dietary intake have been largely associated with obesity in many countries; however studies that combine nutrition and physical activity assessment in representative samples of Latin American countries are lacking. The aim of this study is to present the design rationale of the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) with a particular focus on its quality control procedures and recruitment processes. Methods/Design The ELANS is a multicenter cross-sectional nutrition and health surveillance study of a nationally representative sample of urban populations from eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela). A standard study protocol was designed to evaluate the nutritional intakes, physical activity levels, and anthropometric measurements of 9000 enrolled participants. The study was based on a complex, multistage sample design and the sample was stratified by gender, age (15 to 65 years old) and socioeconomic level. A small-scale pilot study was performed in each country to test the procedures and tools. Discussion This study will provide valuable information and a unique dataset regarding Latin America that will enable cross-country comparisons of nutritional statuses that focus on energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes, food patterns, and energy expenditure. Trial Registration Clinical Trials NCT02226627
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                June 2021
                : 25
                : 2
                : 165-176
                Affiliations
                [3] Caracas orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela orgdiv1Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Venezuela
                [4] Caracas orgnameFundación Bengoa para la Alimentación y Nutrición Venezuela
                [2] Caracas orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales orgdiv2Área de Postgrado en Estadística Venezuela
                [1] Caracas orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética Venezuela
                Article
                S2174-51452021000200165 S2174-5145(21)02500200165
                10.14306/renhyd.25.2.1100
                28a2fd39-4f61-4d7b-b83f-9ea6f87473fe

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 September 2020
                : 08 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Venezuela,Food consumption,Consumption pattern,Multiple correspondence analysis,Frutas,Verduras,Dieta,Conducta Alimentaria,Ingestión de Alimentos,Consumo de Alimentos,Patrón alimentario,Análisis de correspondencias múltiples,Fruit,Vegetables,Diet,Feeding Behavior,Eating

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