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      Midriáticos intracamerales en la cirugía de catarata Translated title: Intracameral mydriatics in cataract surgery

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Durante la cirugía de catarata, la inducción de la dilatación de la pupila (midriasis) y el mantenimiento de un grado adecuado de esta a lo largo de toda la operación son elementos críticos para la eliminación y el reemplazo exitoso del cristalino. Una pupila pequeña o un cierre pupilar durante la cirugía hacen que esta sea un desafío desde el punto de vista técnico y aumente el riesgo de complicaciones transquirúrgicas, por lo que una midriasis adecuada y mantenida ha permanecido hasta nuestros días como un pilar fundamental para maximizar la seguridad y los resultados refractivos de la cirugía de catarata moderna. Esta midriasis se consigue habitualmente con la aplicación previa de colirios anticolinérgicos y simpaticomiméticos, con los cuales el tiempo de espera para la dilatación pupilar es frecuentemente más largo que el procedimiento quirúrgico; tienen una significativa absorción sistémica que pueden aumentar el riesgo de efectos secundarios cardiovasculares, y el efecto midriático tiende a desaparecer durante la cirugía. Con el objetivo de acceder a la información actualizada sobre los fármacos midriáticos más usados de modo intracameral, sus dosis y formas de aplicación durante la cirugía de catarata, se realiza el presente trabajo de revisión.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT In cataract surgery, induction and maintenance of an adequate degree of pupil dilation (mydriasis) throughout the operation are critical elements for the successful removal and replacement of the crystalline lens. A small pupil or pupil closure during surgery pose a technical challenge and increase the risk of intraoperative complications. This is the reason why adequate, maintained mydriasis has remained to this day a fundamental pillar to maximize both safety and satisfactory refractive results in modern cataract surgery. Mydriasis is normally achieved with the previous application of anticholinergic and sympathomimetic eye drops, for which the waiting time for pupil dilation is often longer than the surgical procedure, they have significant systemic absorption which may increase the risk of cardiovascular side effects, and the mydriatic effect tends to vanish during surgery. A bibliographic review was conducted with the purpose of accessing updated information about the most commonly used intracameral mydriatic drugs, their doses and modes of application during cataract surgery.

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          Most cited references24

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          Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with tamsulosin.

          To assess the incidence and possible causative factors of a newly recognized syndrome, the intraoperative floppy iris (IFIS). Clinical practices in Los Altos and San Rafael, California, USA. A retrospective chart review of consecutive cataract surgeries performed in a 2-surgeon practice over a 12-month period (706 eyes; 511 patients) was used to assess the percentage of cataract patients on systemic sympathetic alpha-1 antagonist medications as well as the percentage of patients who manifested the IFIS. A separate prospective study of 900 consecutive cases (741 patients) performed by another surgeon was used to determine the incidence of IFIS and the percentage of these patients who were taking alpha-1 antagonist medications. Three percent (16/511) of the patients in the retrospective study, representing 3.0% (25/706) of the total eyes, were taking tamsulosin (Flomax) for benign prostatic hypertrophy. The overall prevalence of IFIS was 2.0% (10/511 patients). The syndrome was noted intraoperatively in 63.0% (10/16) of the tamsulosin patients but in none of the 11 patients on other systemic alpha-1 blockers. In the prospective study of 900 consecutive cataract surgeries, the prevalence of IFIS was 2.2% (16/741 patients). Ninety-four percent (15/16) of the IFIS patients were taking or had taken systemic tamsulosin. Twenty-six patients (36 eyes) in the 2 studies had IFIS associated with systemic tamsulosin. Sphincterotomies and mechanical pupil stretching were ineffective in maintaining adequate pupil dilation in this surgical population. Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome occurred in approximately 2% of a cataract surgery population and appeared to be caused by tamsulosin, a systemic sympathetic alpha-1A antagonist medication that is the most frequently prescribed medication for benign prostatic hypertrophy.
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            Intracameral mydriatics in phacoemulsification cataract surgery.

            To evaluate intracameral injection of mydriatics in phacoemulsification cataract surgery and compare the results with those of conventional topical mydriatics. Department of Clinical Science/Ophthalmology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. This prospective randomized double-blind study included 60 patients who were given topical (topical group) or intracameral (intracameral group) mydriatics. The topical mydriatics comprised 3 drops of cyclopentolate 1% and phenylephrine 10% given 15 minutes apart and 150 microL intracameral lidocaine hydrochloride 1% (Xylocaine) and the intracameral mydriatics, placebo eyedrops and 150 microL intracameral cyclopentolate 0.1%, phenylephrine 1.5%, and Xylocaine 1%. The pupil size was recorded preoperatively, throughout surgery, and 1 day and 1 month postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative corneal endothelial morphology, corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, visual acuity, aqueous cells and flare, phacoemulsification energy, duration of surgery, pulse, blood pressure, and intraoperative sensation of pain and glare were also recorded. With intracameral mydriatics, mydriasis reached 95% +/- 3% (SD) of its final value within 20 seconds. In the intracameral group, the pupils were smaller than in the topical group (mean 6.7 +/- 1.0 mm versus 7.7 +/- 1.0 mm, P<.001) but did not contract intraoperatively. The pupils in the topical group tended to contract, and the difference between groups was significant (P =.0020). The intracameral group reported less glare during the procedure (P<.001). There was no difference in endothelial cell loss, inflammatory reaction, postoperative corneal swelling, or surgical performance between the groups. Intracameral mydriatics were a rapid, effective, and safe alternative to topical mydriatics in phacoemulsification. Their use can simplify preoperative routines and in certain high-risk groups, may reduce the risk for cardiovascular side effects.
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              Cataract surgery and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

              Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become an important adjunctive tool for surgeons performing routine and complicated cataract surgery. These medications have been found to reduce pain, prevent intraoperative miosis, modulate postoperative inflammation, and reduce the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Whether used alone, synergistically with steroids, or for specific high-risk eyes prone to the development of CME, the effectiveness of these medications is compelling. This review describes the potential preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative uses of NSAIDs, including the potency, indications and treatment paradigms and adverse effects and contraindications. A thorough understanding of these issues will help surgeons maximize the therapeutic benefits of these agents and improve surgical outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                oft
                Revista Cubana de Oftalmología
                Rev Cubana Oftalmol
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana, , Cuba )
                0864-2176
                1561-3070
                March 2019
                : 32
                : 1
                : e691
                Affiliations
                [1] La Habana orgnameInstituto cubano de Oftalmología “Ramón Pando Ferrer” Cuba
                [2] San Antonio de los Baños orgnamePoliclínico Universitario “Felipe I. Rodríguez Ramos” Cuba
                Article
                S0864-21762019000100013 S0864-2176(19)03200100013
                28a761fd-4bfb-49fa-a5bd-f13c9382c913

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 October 2018
                : 29 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                REVISIÓN

                intraoperatorio,cataract surgery,Mydriasis,intraoperative,cirugía de catarata,intracameral,mydriatics,Midriasis,midriáticos

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