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      Critical analysis: use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose leprosy

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease and an important public health problem, especially in developing countries. It is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which has a predilection for the skin and peripheral nerves. Although it has low sensitivity, slit-skin smear (SSS) remains the conventional auxiliary laboratory technique for the clinical diagnosis of leprosy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique that holds promise as a simple and sensitive diagnostic tool. In the present study, the performance of two PCR methods, using different targets, PCR-LP and PCR-P, were compared with SSS with regard to leprosy diagnosis in a reference laboratory. M. leprae DNA was extracted from 106 lymph samples of 40 patients who had clinical suspicion of leprosy. The samples were subjected to both PCR techniques and SSS. Amplification of the human b-globin gene was used as PCR inhibitor control. The specificity of both PCR techniques was 100%, and sensitivity was 0.007 and 0.015 µg/ml for PCR-LP and PCR-P, respectively. No significant difference was found between either the PCR-LP or PCR-P results and SSS results (p > 0.05). Although PCR is not yet a replacement for SSS in the diagnosis of leprosy, this technique may be used as an efficient auxiliary tool for early detection of the disease, especially in endemic regions. This strategy may also be useful in cases in which SSS results are negative (e.g., in paucibacillary patients) and cases in which skin biopsy cannot be performed.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A hanseníase é uma doença tropical negligenciada e ainda um importante problema de saúde pública, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. É uma doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, que tem predileção pela pele e nervos periféricos. Embora com baixa sensibilidade, o esfregaço de linfa (SSS) continua sendo o método laboratorial convencional auxiliar no diagnóstico clínico da hanseníase. A biologia molecular representada pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) trouxe a expectativa de ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica simples e sensível. No presente estudo, o desempenho de dois métodos de PCR usando alvos diferentes, PCR-P e PCR-LP, foi comparado com SSS no diagnóstico da hanseníase em um laboratório de referência. DNA de M. leprae foi extraído de 106 amostras de linfa de 40 pacientes que apresentavam suspeita clínica de hanseníase. As amostras foram submetidas tanto a PCR como SSS. A amplificação do gene humano β-globina foi usada como controle de inibição da PCR. A especificidade de ambas as técnicas de PCR foi de 100% e a sensibilidade foi de 0,007 μg/mL e 0,015 μg/mL para a PCR-P e PCR-LP, respectivamente. Não se observou diferença estatística entre os resultados da PCR-LP e PCR-P, quando comparado com SSS (p > 0,05). Apesar de a PCR ainda não substituir o SSS no diagnóstico da hanseníase, esta técnica pode ser usada como ferramenta auxiliar eficiente para a detecção precoce da doença, especialmente em regiões endêmicas. Esta estratégia pode também ser útil nos casos em que os resultados de SSS forem negativos (ex. em pacientes paucibacilares) e em casos onde a biópsia da pele não pode ser realizada.

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          Hanseníase no Brasil

          A hanseníase é doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae. A predileção pela pele e nervos periféricos confere características peculiares a esta moléstia, tornando o seu diagnóstico simples. O Brasil continua sendo o segundo país em número de casos no mundo, após a Índia. Aproximadamente 94% dos casos conhecidos nas Américas e 94% dos novos diagnosticados são notificados pelo Brasil. A doença manifesta-se em dois pólos estáveis e opostos (virchowiano e tuberculóide) e dois grupos instáveis (indeterminado e dimorfo). Em outra classificação a doença é dividida em forma tuberculóide, borderline ou dimorfa que são subdivididos em dimorfa-tuberculóide, dimorfa-dimorfa e dimorfa-virchowiana, e virchowiana. A baciloscopia é o exame complementar mais útil no diagnóstico. O tratamento da hanseníase compreende: quimioterapia específica, supressão dos surtos reacionais, prevenção de incapacidades físicas, reabilitação física e psicossocial. A poliquimioterapia com rifampicina, dapsona e clofazimina revelou-se muito eficaz e a perspectiva de controle da doença no Brasil é real no curto prazo.
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            PCR-Based Techniques for Leprosy Diagnosis: From the Laboratory to the Clinic

            In leprosy, classic diagnostic tools based on bacillary counts and histopathology have been facing hurdles, especially in distinguishing latent infection from active disease and diagnosing paucibacillary clinical forms. Serological tests and IFN-gamma releasing assays (IGRA) that employ humoral and cellular immune parameters, respectively, are also being used, but recent results indicate that quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a key technique due to its higher sensitivity and specificity. In fact, advances concerning the structure and function of the Mycobacterium leprae genome led to the development of specific PCR-based gene amplification assays for leprosy diagnosis and monitoring of household contacts. Also, based on the validation of point-of-care technologies for M. tuberculosis DNA detection, it is clear that the same advantages of rapid DNA detection could be observed in respect to leprosy. So far, PCR has proven useful in the determination of transmission routes, M. leprae viability, and drug resistance in leprosy. However, PCR has been ascertained to be especially valuable in diagnosing difficult cases like pure neural leprosy (PNL), paucibacillary (PB), and patients with atypical clinical presentation and histopathological features compatible with leprosy. Also, the detection of M. leprae DNA in different samples of the household contacts of leprosy patients is very promising. Although a positive PCR result is not sufficient to establish a causal relationship with disease outcome, quantitation provided by qPCR is clearly capable of indicating increased risk of developing the disease and could alert clinicians to follow these contacts more closely or even define rules for chemoprophylaxis.
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              Clinical applications of molecular biology for infectious diseases.

              Molecular biological methods for the detection and characterisation of microorganisms have revolutionised diagnostic microbiology and are now part of routine specimen processing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques have led the way into this new era by allowing rapid detection of microorganisms that were previously difficult or impossible to detect by traditional microbiological methods. In addition to detection of fastidious microorganisms, more rapid detection by molecular methods is now possible for pathogens of public health importance. Molecular methods have now progressed beyond identification to detect antimicrobial resistance genes and provide public health information such as strain characterisation by genotyping. Treatment of certain microorganisms has been improved by viral resistance detection and viral load testing for the monitoring of responses to antiviral therapies. With the advent of multiplex PCR, real-time PCR and improvements in efficiency through automation, the costs of molecular methods are decreasing such that the role of molecular methods will further increase. This review will focus on the clinical utility of molecular methods performed in the clinical microbiology laboratory, illustrated with the many examples of how they have changed laboratory diagnosis and therefore the management of infectious diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bjps
                Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
                Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.
                Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
                2175-9790
                March 2016
                : 52
                : 1
                : 163-169
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brazil
                Article
                S1984-82502016000100018
                10.1590/S1984-82502016000100018
                28b526ae-02c1-471b-8dcd-6251e0b42689

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1984-8250&lng=en
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Leprosy/clinical diagnosis,Polymerase chain reaction/clinical diagnosis use,Mycobacterium leprae,Hanseníase/diagnóstico clínico,Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/uso em diagnóstico,Mycobacterium leprae.

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