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      Based on Molecular Profiling of Gene Expression, Palmoplantar Pustulosis and Palmoplantar Pustular Psoriasis Are Highly Related Diseases that Appear to Be Distinct from Psoriasis Vulgaris

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          There is a controversy surrounding the existence of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) and palmoplantar pustular psoriasis (PPPP) as separate clinical entities or as variants of the same clinical entity. We used gene expression microarray to compare gene expression in PPP and PPPP.

          Methodology/Principal findings

          Skin biopsies from subjects with PPP (3), PPPP (6), psoriasis vulgaris (10) and acral skin from normal subjects (7) were analyzed using gene expression microarray. Principal component analysis showed that PPP and PPPP were different from psoriasis vulgaris and normal acral skin. However gene expression of PPP and PPPP clustered together and could not be used to differentiate PPP from PPPP. Gene-wise comparison between PPP and PPPP found no gene to be differentially expressed at a false discovery rate lower than 0.05. Surprisingly we found a higher expression of several genes involved in neural pathways (e.g. GPRIN and ADAM23) in PPP/PPPP as compared to psoriasis vulgaris and normal acral skin. Immunohistochemistry confirmed those findings and showed a keratinocyte localization for those proteins.

          Conclusion significance

          PPP and PPPP could not be differentiated using gene expression microarray suggesting that they are not distinct clinical entities. Increased expression of GPRIN1, and ADAM23 in keratinocytes suggests that these proteins could be new therapeutic targets for PPP/PPPP.

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          Most cited references16

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          Clinical and epidemiological comparison of patients affected by palmoplantar plaque psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis: a case series study.

          In 2007 the International Psoriasis Council proposed that palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) should be considered a separate condition from psoriasis, despite the presence of certain phenotypes common in both diseases.
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            Patients with palmoplantar pustulosis have increased IL-17 and IL-22 levels both in the lesion and serum.

            Recent findings about the pathogenesis of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (PPP), also known as palmoplantar pustulosis, suggest that IL-17 expression in the acrosyringium as well as infiltration of IL-17 positive cells, e.g. Langerhans cells may play important roles. However, to date, it has not been established whether circulating IL-17 related cytokines are involved in PPP. We studied the circulating IL-17 related cytokines as well as the mRNA levels in lesional skin. IL-17 related cytokine mRNAs were increased in the PPP lesions compared with the control tissues (five patients vs five controls). The serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-22 and IFN-gamma also were significantly increased in PPP, but not IL-23 and IL-8 (48 patients vs 20 controls). Our findings document that not only the serum IL-17 but also tissue IL-17 are elevated in PPP and may be in the pathogenesis of this disorder. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
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              Increased expression of IL-17A and limited involvement of IL-23 in patients with palmo-plantar (PP) pustular psoriasis or PP pustulosis; results from a randomised controlled trial.

              Palmo-plantar pustular psoriasis (PPPP) and palmo-plantar pustulosis (PPP) are chronic skin diseases with significant impact on quality of life.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 May 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 5
                : e0155215
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Innovaderm Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [2 ]Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
                [3 ]Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                INSERM-Université Paris-Sud, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have the following interests: This study was funded and medication provided by Janssen Inc. Canada. Author Carrie Brodmerkel is employed by Janssen Research & Development, LLC. Author Robert Bissonnette is employed by Innovaderm Research, Montreal. By grants given to Rockefeller University, Centocor/Janssen has supported specific research projects, as well as partial salary for a clinical research fellow, in his laboratory at Rockefeller University. An investigator-initiated trial is now being performed with ustekinumab in atopic dermatitis with funding to Rockefeller University from Janssen. RB have been a speaker, consultant, advisory board member and investigator and have received Honoria and grants from Janssen Inc. Abbvie, Amgen, Celgene, GSK-Steifel, Incyte, Leo Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Tribute, Valeant, Eli-Lilly, Galderma, Xenoport, Apopharma, Dermira, Incyte, Leo Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Tribute. RB is a shareholder of of Innovaderm Research. JGK has served as a consultant to Centocor/Janssen on matters related to the study drug (ustekinumab) and to other inflammation modulators. The consulting has resulted in compensation of $ < 5000 per year and is thus under the conflict of interest reporting levels as established by Rockefeller University and the NIH. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: RB JGK. Performed the experiments: CB KMB JFD RB XL. Analyzed the data: RB MSF CB JGK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RB JGK CB. Wrote the paper: RB JGK.

                Article
                PONE-D-15-35687
                10.1371/journal.pone.0155215
                4859542
                27152848
                28c258ce-88b8-4a64-a22f-fd10779cb321
                © 2016 Bissonnette et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 9 September 2015
                : 26 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 11
                Funding
                This study was funded and medication provided by Janssen Inc. Canada. The funders (Janssen Inc. Canada) had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Author Carrie Brodmerkel is employed by Janssen Research & Development, LLC. Janssen Research & Development, LLC provided support in the form of salary for author CB, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. Author Robert Bissonnette is employed by Innovaderm Research, Montreal. Innovaderm Research provided support in the form of salary for author RB, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Clinical Medicine
                Clinical Immunology
                Autoimmune Diseases
                Psoriasis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Clinical Immunology
                Autoimmune Diseases
                Psoriasis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Clinical Immunology
                Autoimmune Diseases
                Psoriasis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Gene Expression
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Microarrays
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Computational Biology
                Genome Analysis
                Transcriptome Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Genomics
                Genome Analysis
                Transcriptome Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Molecular Biology
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Gene Mapping
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Gene Mapping
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures
                Biopsy
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Epithelial Cells
                Keratinocytes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Epithelium
                Epithelial Cells
                Keratinocytes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Epithelium
                Epithelial Cells
                Keratinocytes
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Custom metadata
                Raw data have been deposited in NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through accession number GSE 30999.

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