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      Covid-19 and the energy trade: Evidence from tanker trade routes

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          Abstract

          We employ a cointegration setup to explore route-specific off-equilibrium deviations related to Covid-19 that have affected clean (petroleum products) and dirty (crude oil) tanker freight rates, over and above the expected macroeconomic reactions. We find that the additional deviation caused by Covid-19 is route-specific. In particular, deviation caused by Covid-19 is found to be more significant for clean tankers, with an average impact of 0.15, an expected outcome given that these products are more reliant on economic developments because of their uses. The clean tanker impact is more evident in Japan-related routes, while no specific pattern can be extracted with regards to the additional off-equilibrium Covid-19 deviation for dirty tanker routes. Results suggest that time-charters and hedging against the stock markets can help ship-owners ameliorate demand-driven shocks.

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          World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)

          An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.
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            The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak

            Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-COV2 and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan City, China, it is suggested that this is likely the zoonotic origin of COVID-19. Person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were subsequently administered a variety of treatments. Extensive measures to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak. Special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children, health care providers, and elderly people. In this review, we highlights the symptoms, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, phylogenetic analysis and future directions to control the spread of this fatal disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics
                2092-5212
                2092-5212
                23 December 2021
                June 2022
                23 December 2021
                : 38
                : 2
                : 51-60
                Affiliations
                [a ]Economic Analysis and Research Department, Central Bank of Cyprus, School of Economics and Business, Cyprus University of Technology, Nicosia, Cyprus
                [b ]Faculty of Business and Economics, Metropolitan College, Thessaloniki, Greece
                [c ]Cyprus Centre for Business Research, Nicosia, Cyprus
                [d ]Department of Economics, University of Western Macedonia, Kastoria, Greece
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Faculty of Business and Economics, Metropolitan College, 14, El. Venizelou, 546 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
                Article
                S2092-5212(21)00075-4
                10.1016/j.ajsl.2021.12.001
                9585155
                28f34c93-a168-4016-93c0-1f0025a1bd64
                © 2022 The Authors

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 14 September 2021
                : 22 November 2021
                : 20 December 2021
                Categories
                Article

                shipping,tanker markets,freight rates,covid-19,coronavirus
                shipping, tanker markets, freight rates, covid-19, coronavirus

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