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      The Impact of lncRNAs and miRNAs in Regulation of Function of Cancer Stem Cells and Progression of Cancer

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          Abstract

          Stem cells have two important features, namely the ability for self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate into some cell kinds with specialized functions. These two features are also present in cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells have been detected in almost all kinds of cancers facilitating their tumorigenicity. Molecular cascades that control self-renewal of stem cells, namely the Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways have been suggested to influence CSCs functions as well. Moreover, non-coding RNAs can regulate function of CSCs. Function of miRNAs in the regulation of CSCs has been mostly assessed in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. miR-130a-3p, miR-600, miR-590-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-221, miR-222, miR-638, miR-375, miR-31, and miR-210 are among those regulating this feature in breast cancer. Moreover, miR-206, miR-192-5p, miR-500a-3p, miR-125, miR-125b, miR-613, miR-217, miR-194, and miR-494 regulate function of CSCs in hepatocellular carcinoma. DILC, lncTCF7, MUF, HAND2-AS1, MALAT1, DLX6-AS1, HOTAIR, and XIST are among lncRNAs that regulate function of CSCs. In the present paper, we explain the effects of these two classes of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of activity of CSCs.

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          Most cited references91

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          Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells.

          Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in United States women, accounting for >40,000 deaths each year. These breast tumors are comprised of phenotypically diverse populations of breast cancer cells. Using a model in which human breast cancer cells were grown in immunocompromised mice, we found that only a minority of breast cancer cells had the ability to form new tumors. We were able to distinguish the tumorigenic (tumor initiating) from the nontumorigenic cancer cells based on cell surface marker expression. We prospectively identified and isolated the tumorigenic cells as CD44(+)CD24(-/low)Lineage(-) in eight of nine patients. As few as 100 cells with this phenotype were able to form tumors in mice, whereas tens of thousands of cells with alternate phenotypes failed to form tumors. The tumorigenic subpopulation could be serially passaged: each time cells within this population generated new tumors containing additional CD44(+)CD24(-/low)Lineage(-) tumorigenic cells as well as the phenotypically diverse mixed populations of nontumorigenic cells present in the initial tumor. The ability to prospectively identify tumorigenic cancer cells will facilitate the elucidation of pathways that regulate their growth and survival. Furthermore, because these cells drive tumor development, strategies designed to target this population may lead to more effective therapies.
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            Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells.

            The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that neoplastic clones are maintained exclusively by a rare fraction of cells with stem cell properties. Although the existence of CSCs in human leukaemia is established, little evidence exists for CSCs in solid tumours, except for breast cancer. Recently, we prospectively isolated a CD133+ cell subpopulation from human brain tumours that exhibited stem cell properties in vitro. However, the true measures of CSCs are their capacity for self renewal and exact recapitulation of the original tumour. Here we report the development of a xenograft assay that identified human brain tumour initiating cells that initiate tumours in vivo. Only the CD133+ brain tumour fraction contains cells that are capable of tumour initiation in NOD-SCID (non-obese diabetic, severe combined immunodeficient) mouse brains. Injection of as few as 100 CD133+ cells produced a tumour that could be serially transplanted and was a phenocopy of the patient's original tumour, whereas injection of 10(5) CD133- cells engrafted but did not cause a tumour. Thus, the identification of brain tumour initiating cells provides insights into human brain tumour pathogenesis, giving strong support for the CSC hypothesis as the basis for many solid tumours, and establishes a previously unidentified cellular target for more effective cancer therapies.
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              Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4.

              Oct4 is a mammalian POU transcription factor expressed by early embryo cells and germ cells. We report that the activity of Oct4 is essential for the identity of the pluripotential founder cell population in the mammalian embryo. Oct4-deficient embryos develop to the blastocyst stage, but the inner cell mass cells are not pluripotent. Instead, they are restricted to differentiation along the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage. Furthermore, in the absence of a true inner cell mass, trophoblast proliferation is not maintained in Oct4-/- embryos. Expansion of trophoblast precursors is restored, however, by an Oct4 target gene product, fibroblast growth factor-4. Therefore, Oct4 also determines paracrine growth factor signaling from stem cells to the trophectoderm.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Cell Dev Biol
                Front Cell Dev Biol
                Front. Cell Dev. Biol.
                Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-634X
                22 July 2021
                2021
                : 9
                : 696820
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                [2] 2Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                [3] 3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences , Birjand, Iran
                [4] 4Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
                [5] 5Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                [6] 6Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                Author notes

                Edited by: Richard G. Pestell, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, United States

                Reviewed by: Soichiro Yamamura, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Rezvan Noroozi, Jagiellonian University, Poland; Amin Safa, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

                *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri, mohammad_823@ 123456yahoo.com

                This article was submitted to Stem Cell Research, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

                Article
                10.3389/fcell.2021.696820
                8339916
                34368145
                290e9083-7675-476a-85df-4d832ba306ba
                Copyright © 2021 Ghafouri-Fard, Hajiesmaeili, Shoorei, Bahroudi, Taheri and Sharifi.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 17 April 2021
                : 06 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 92, Pages: 14, Words: 0
                Categories
                Cell and Developmental Biology
                Review

                lncrna,mirna,cancer stem cell,expression,biomarker
                lncrna, mirna, cancer stem cell, expression, biomarker

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