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      Hypotension artérielle per-anesthésique du sujet âgé lors d’une chirurgie urgente: quels facteurs de risque? Translated title: Intra-anesthetic arterial hypotension in elderly patients during emergency surgery: what are the risk factors?

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          Abstract

          L'anesthésie des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus en urgence reste complexe. La survenue d'incidents peropératoires et en l'occurrence l'hypotension artérielle est conditionnée par leur état de santé initial et par la qualité de la prise en charge péri-opératoire. L'étude a pour but de déterminer l'incidence de l'hypotension artérielle per-anesthésique du sujet âgé pour une chirurgie urgente et évaluer l'implication de certains facteurs dans sa survenue: âge, sexe, terrain, classe ASA, technique anesthésique. Une étude rétrospective descriptive et analytique a été réalisée aux blocs des urgences chirurgicales du CHU Aristide LE DANTEC allant du 1er mars 2014 au 28 février 2015. Nous avons colligé 210 patients sur 224 anesthésies en urgence du sujet âgé de 65 ans et plus, soit 10,93%. On notait 101 hommes et 109 femmes dont les 64,3% présentaient au moins une tare. L'évaluation de l'état préopératoire des patients a été faite avec la classification de l'American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), avec 71% pour les classes ASA 1 et 2 et 29% pour les classes ASA 3 et 4. L'anesthésie locorégionale était la technique anesthésique la plus pratiquée (56,7%). L'hypotension artérielle peropératoire a été objectivée chez 28 patients soit 13,33%, dont 16 cas sous anesthésie générale et 12 cas sous anesthésie locorégionale. Elle était plus fréquente chez les patients de classe ASA élevée et un peu moins sur terrain d'HTA et de cardiopathie sous-jacente. L'anesthésie du sujet âgé en urgence expose à un risque d'hypotension artérielle peropératoire non négligeable notamment chez les patients de classes ASA élevée. Sa prévention repose sur une bonne évaluation préopératoire et une prise en charge anesthésique adéquate.

          Translated abstract

          Emergency anesthesia in elderly patients aged 65 years and older is complex. The occurrence of intraoperative incidents and arterial hypotension is conditioned by patients' initial health status and by the quality of intraoperative management. This study aimed to determine the incidence of intra-anesthetic arterial hypotension in elderly patients during emergency surgery and to assess the involvement of certain factors in its occurrence: age, sex, patient's history, ASA class, anesthetic technique. We conducted a retrospective descriptive and analytical study in the Emergency Surgery Department at the Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital from 1 March 2014 to 28 February 2015. We collected data from 210 patients out of 224 elderly patients aged 65 years and older undergoing emergency anesthesias (10.93%). Data of 101 men and 109 women were included in the analysis, of whom 64.3% had at least one defect. Patients' preoperative status was assessed using American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification: 71% of patients were ASA class 1 and 2 and 29% were ASA class 3 and 4. Locoregional anesthesia was the most practiced anesthetic technique (56.7%). 28 patients (13.33%) had intra-anesthetic arterial hypotension, of whom 16 under general anesthesia and 12 under locoregional anesthesia. It was more frequent in patients with high ASA class and a little less frequent in patients with PAH and underlying heart disease. Arterial hypotension in elderly patients during emergency surgery exposes the subject to the risk of not negligible intraoperative hypotension, especially in patients with high ASA class. Prevention is based on adequate preoperative assessment and anesthetic management.

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          Incidence and risk factors for side effects of spinal anesthesia.

          We prospectively studied 952 patients to identify the incidence of hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg), bradycardia (heart rate less than 50 beats/min), nausea, vomiting, and dysrhythmia during spinal anesthesia. Historical, clinical, and physiologic data were correlated with the incidence of these side effects by univariate and multivariate analysis. Hypotension developed in 314 patients (33%), bradycardia in 125 (13%), nausea in 175 (18%), vomiting in 65 (7%), and dysrhythmia in 20 (2%). Variables conferring increased odds of developing hypotension include peak block height greater than or equal to T5 (odds ratio 3.8, P less than 0.001), age greater than or equal to 40 yr (2.5, P less than 0.001), baseline systolic blood pressure less than 120 mmHg (2.4, P less than 0.001), combination of spinal and general anesthesia (1.9, P = 0.01), spinal puncture at or above the L2-L3 interspace (1.8, P less than 0.001), and addition of phenylephrine to the local anesthetic (1.6, P = 0.02). Variables conferring increased odds of developing bradycardia include a baseline heart rate less than 60 beats/min (odds ratio 4.9, P less than 0.001), ASA physical status classification of 1 versus 3 or 4 (3.5, P less than 0.001), current therapy with beta-adrenergic blocking drugs (2.9, P less than 0.001), and peak block height greater than or equal to T5 (1.7, P = 0.02). Variables conferring increased odds of developing nausea or vomiting include addition of phenylephrine or epinephrine to the local anesthetic (3.0-6.3, P less than or equal to 0.003), peak block height greater than or equal to T5 (odds ratio 3.9, P less than 0.001), use of procaine (2.6-4.4, P less than or equal to 0.003), baseline heart rate greater than or equal to 60 beats/min (2.3, P = 0.03), history of carsickness (2.0, P = 0.01), and development of hypotension during spinal anesthesia (1.7, P = 0.009). Our results indicate that the incidence of side effects during spinal anesthesia may be reduced by 1) minimizing peak block height; 2) using plain solutions of local anesthetics; 3) performing the spinal puncture at or below the L3-L4 interspace; and 4) avoiding the use of procaine in the subarachnoid space.
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            Complications during spinal anesthesia: a prospective study.

            Complications during spinal anesthesia were studied prospectively in 1881 patients. Twenty-six percent of the patients suffered from one or more complications. The most common complications were hypotension (16.4%) and bradycardia (8.9%). The risk for hypotension was found to be higher with increasing age of patients (p less than 0.005). Higher peak sensory level significantly increased the risk for hypotension (p less than 0.0001), bradycardia (p less than 0.0001) and nausea (p less than 0.0001). Female patients suffered significantly more hypotension (p less than 0.001), nausea (p less than 0.001) and vomiting (p less than 0.001) than males. Cementation of prosthesis and deflation of the leg tourniquet were other risk factors demonstrated in this study.
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              Spinal (subarachnoid) block. A review of 11,574 cases.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                27 April 2017
                2017
                : 26
                : 242
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service d’Anesthésie-Réanimation CHU le Dantec, Faculté de Médecine UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
                [2 ]Service d’Anesthésie-Réanimation HEAR de Fann, Faculté de Médecine UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: El Hadji Boubacar Ba, Service d’Anesthésie-Réanimation CHU le Dantec, Faculté de Médecine UCAD, Dakar
                Article
                PAMJ-26-242
                10.11604/pamj.2017.26.242.9886
                5491733
                2921703d-f399-434a-9c37-63eeb7127c58
                © El Hadji Boubacar Ba et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 May 2016
                : 24 March 2017
                Categories
                Case Series

                Medicine
                anesthésie,hypotension artérielle,sujet âgé,anesthesia,hypotension,elderly patient
                Medicine
                anesthésie, hypotension artérielle, sujet âgé, anesthesia, hypotension, elderly patient

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