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      Current decline in the number and size of Galba truncatula and Omphiscola glabra populations, intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica, on the acidic soils of Central France Translated title: Déclin actuel dans le nombre et la taille des populations de Galba truncatula et d’ Omphiscola glabra, hôtes intermédiaires de Fasciola hepatica, sur les sols acides du centre de la France

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      EDP Sciences
      Galba truncatula, Omphiscola glabra, Population decline, Snail density, Snail habitat

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          Abstract

          Field investigations on the habitats colonized by Galba truncatula or Omphiscola glabra were carried out on 162 farms of the Limousin region, Central France, to determine whether there is currently a decline in the number and size of snail populations. Seven types of snail habitats were considered here. Compared to the numbers of snail populations recorded from 1976 to 1992, the values noted from 2013 to 2016 were significantly lower, with a decline rate of 34% for G. truncatula and 23% for O. glabra. Variations in this decline rate with the type of snail habitat were also noted. The greatest decreases in the numbers of snail populations were noted for spring heads located in meadows and for road ditches, while the lowest were noted for open drainage furrows present in meadows. The distribution of these habitats according to their area did not show any significant change over time. In contrast, overwintering snails were significantly less numerous in 2013–2016 in five types of habitats for G. truncatula and in three types only for O. glabra. Several causes underlie this population decline. Among them, the current development of mechanical cleaning in open drainage systems and road ditches, that of subsurface drainage in meadows, and regular gyro-crushing of vegetation around temporary spring heads were the most important.

          Translated abstract

          Des investigations de terrain ont été réalisées sur les habitats colonisés par Galba truncatula ou Omphiscola glabra dans 162 fermes de la région Limousin (Centre de la France) afin de déterminer s’il existe un déclin actuel dans le nombre et la taille des populations. Sept types d’habitats ont été ici considérés. Par rapport aux nombres de populations décomptées de 1976 à 1992, les valeurs notées en 2013-2016 sont significativement plus faibles avec un déclin de 34 % pour G. truncatula et de 23 % pour O. glabra. Des variations ont été notées dans ces pourcentages par rapport au type d’habitat. Les plus fortes baisses dans le nombre des populations ont été notées dans le cas des sources dans les prairies et des fossés de route, alors que les plus faibles ont été relevées dans les rigoles de drainage superficiel dans les prairies. La distribution de ces habitats en fonction de leur superficie n’a pas présenté de changement significatif au cours du temps. Par contre, les mollusques transhivernants sont significativement moins nombreux dans cinq types d’habitats pour G. truncatula et dans trois types seulement pour O. glabra. Plusieurs causes sont à l’origine de ce déclin dans les populations. Parmi celles-ci, le développement actuel du curage mécanique dans les réseaux de drainage superficiel et les fossés de route, celui du drainage souterrain dans les prairies et le gyrobroyage régulier de la végétation autour des sources temporaires sont les plus importants.

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          Chapter 2. Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control.

          Fascioliasis, caused by liver fluke species of the genus Fasciola, has always been well recognized because of its high veterinary impact but it has been among the most neglected diseases for decades with regard to human infection. However, the increasing importance of human fascioliasis worldwide has re-launched interest in fascioliasis. From the 1990s, many new concepts have been developed regarding human fascioliasis and these have furnished a new baseline for the human disease that is very different to a simple extrapolation from fascioliasis in livestock. Studies have shown that human fascioliasis presents marked heterogeneity, including different epidemiological situations and transmission patterns in different endemic areas. This heterogeneity, added to the present emergence/re-emergence of the disease both in humans and animals in many regions, confirms a worrying global scenario. The huge negative impact of fascioliasis on human communities demands rapid action. When analyzing how better to define control measures for endemic areas differing at such a level, it would be useful to have genetic markers that could distinguish each type of transmission pattern and epidemiological situation. Accordingly, this chapter covers aspects of aetiology, geographical distribution, epidemiology, transmission and control in order to obtain a solid baseline for the interpretation of future results. The origins and geographical spread of F. hepatica and F. gigantica in both the ruminant pre-domestication times and the livestock post-domestication period are analyzed. Paleontological, archaeological and historical records, as well as genetic data on recent dispersal of livestock species, are taken into account to establish an evolutionary framework for the two fasciolids across all continents. Emphasis is given to the distributional overlap of both species and the roles of transportation, transhumance and trade in the different overlap situations. Areas with only one Fasciola spp. are distinguished from local and zonal overlaps in areas where both fasciolids co-exist. Genetic techniques applied to liver flukes in recent years that are useful to elucidate the genetic characteristics of the two fasciolids are reviewed. The intra-specific and inter-specific variabilities of 'pure'F. hepatica and 'pure'F. gigantica were ascertained by means of complete sequences of ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 and ITS-1 and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) cox1 and nad1 from areas with only one fasciolid species. Fasciolid sequences of the same markers scattered in the literature are reviewed. The definitive haplotypes established appear to fit the proposed global evolutionary scenario. Problems posed by fasciolid cross-breeding, introgression and hybridization in overlap areas are analyzed. Nuclear rDNA appears to correlate with adult fluke characteristics and fasciolid/lymnaeid specificity, whereas mtDNA does not. However, flukes sometimes appear so intermediate that they cannot be ascribed to either F. hepatica-like or F. gigantica-like forms and snail specificity may be opposite to the one deduced from the adult morphotype. The phenotypic characteristics of adults and eggs of 'pure'F. hepatica and F. gigantica, as well as of intermediate forms in overlap areas, are compared, with emphasis on the definitive host influence on egg size in humans. Knowledge is sufficient to support F. hepatica and F. gigantica as two valid species, which recently diverged by adaptation to different pecoran and lymnaeid hosts in areas with differing environmental characteristics. Their phenotypic differences and ancient pre-domestication origins involve a broad geographical area that largely exceeds the typical, more local scenarios known for sub-species units. Phenomena such as abnormal ploidy and aspermic parthenogenesis in hybrids suggest that their separate evolution in pre-domestication times allowed them to achieve almost total genetic isolation. Recent sequencing results suggest that present assumptions on fasciolid-lymnaeid specificity might be wrong. The crucial role of lymnaeids in fascioliasis transmission, epidemiology and control was the reason for launching a worldwide lymnaeid molecular characterization initiative. This initiative has already furnished useful results on several continents. A standardized methodology for fasciolids and lymnaeids is proposed herein in order that future work is undertaken on a comparable basis. A complete understanding of molecular epidemiology is expected to help greatly in designing global actions and local interventions for control of fascioliasis.
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            Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi: changes in prevalences of natural infections in cattle and in Lymnaea truncatula from central France over the past 12 years.

            A retrospective study was carried out over a 10- to 12-year period to analyse the changes in prevalences of natural fasciolosis and paramphistomosis among cattle and snails in central France, and to determine the causes which had induced these changes. The prevalences of natural fasciolosis in cattle increased from 1990 to 1993 (13.6% to 25.2%) and diminished afterwards up to 1999 (at 12.6%). Those of natural paramphistomosis showed a progressive increase between 1990 and 1999 (from 5.2 to 44.7%). The prevalences of natural infections and the numbers of free rediae counted in the snails (Lymnaea truncatula) infected with F. hepatica did not show any significant variations over time. By contrast, the prevalences of natural paramphistomosis in snails significantly increased from 1989 to 1996 and remained afterwards in the same range of values (3.7-5.3%), while the number of free rediae significantly increased up to 2000 (from a mean of 6.5 to 13.8 rediae per infected snail, respectively). Three hypotheses may explain the increase of paramphistomosis in cattle and snails: a better quality of diagnosis for the detection of P. daubneyi eggs in veterinary analysis laboratories, the use of specific molecules in the treatment of cattle fasciolosis since 1993, and the lack of an effective treatment up to now against cattle paramphistomosis. Since the objective of most farmers in central France is to obtain the highest antiparasitic efficiency with a single treatment of cattle per year, it is reasonable to assume that the prevalence of bovine paramphistomosis will continue to increase in the future.
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              Infection of Lymnaea truncatula and Lymnaea glabra by Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi in farms of central France.

              Natural infection of Lymnaea glabra and Lymnaea truncatula by Fasciola hepatica and/or Paramphistomum daubneyi was studied at two periods of risk (June-July and September-October) in 11 French farms known for their high prevalences of F. hepatica infection in ruminants. A total of 1,778 L. truncatula and 2,396 L. glabra measuring 6 mm or more in height were collected to determine the prevalence of natural infection with F. hepatica and P. daubneyi. The role of four factors, i.e. season, snail co-infection (F. hepatica-P. daubneyi), ruminant host and the existence of single or mixed intermediate host communities, was investigated. There were no differences in prevalences between the two risk periods. Co-infections in L. glabra were more frequent than expected. The prevalences of infection with F. hepatica or P. daubneyi in L. glabra were higher in farms rearing sheep than in farms rearing cattle. A similar finding was also noted for L. truncatula infected with P. daubneyi only. L. glabra was a much better intermediate host for F. hepatica and P. daubneyi when it was the only available snail, possibly indicating an adaptation of parasites to their less usual host in local conditions. The two trematodes preferably developed in L. truncatula rather than in L. glabra when both host species lived in the same places.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2016
                24 October 2016
                : 23
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2016/01 )
                : 46
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy 87025 Limoges Cedex France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: gilles.dreyfuss@ 123456unilim.fr
                Article
                parasite160051 10.1051/parasite/2016055
                10.1051/parasite/2016055
                5086825
                27774956
                293c037b-e9b7-41a0-9784-42c4096ced63
                © G. Dreyfuss et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2016

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 04 July 2016
                : 02 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 7, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Research Article

                galba truncatula,omphiscola glabra,population decline,snail density,snail habitat

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