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      Recent Advances of Nanotechnology-Facilitated Bacteria-Based Drug and Gene Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment

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          Abstract

          Cancer is one of the most devastating and ubiquitous human diseases. Conventional therapies like chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most widely used cancer treatments. Despite the notable therapeutic improvements that these measures achieve, disappointing therapeutic outcome and cancer reoccurrence commonly following these therapies demonstrate the need for better alternatives. Among them, bacterial therapy has proven to be effective in its intrinsic cancer targeting ability and various therapeutic mechanisms that can be further bolstered by nanotechnology. In this review, we will discuss recent advances of nanotechnology-facilitated bacteria-based drug and gene delivery systems in cancer treatment. Therapeutic mechanisms of these hybrid nanoformulations are highlighted to provide an up-to-date understanding of this emerging field.

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          Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

          Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg (2011)
          The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 13525 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Hallmarks of Cancer

            Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg (2000)
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              Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery

              Michael J. Mitchell, Margaret M. Billingsley, Rebecca M. Haley … (2020)
              In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has expanded into a broad range of clinical applications. Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitations of free therapeutics and navigate biological barriers — systemic, microenvironmental and cellular — that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. Overcoming this patient heterogeneity has also been accomplished through precision therapeutics, in which personalized interventions have enhanced therapeutic efficacy. However, nanoparticle development continues to focus on optimizing delivery platforms with a one-size-fits-all solution. As lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles are engineered in increasingly specified ways, they can begin to be optimized for drug delivery in a more personalized manner, entering the era of precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss advanced nanoparticle designs utilized in both non-personalized and precision applications that could be applied to improve precision therapies. We focus on advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, arguing that intelligent nanoparticle design can improve efficacy in general delivery applications while enabling tailored designs for precision applications, thereby ultimately improving patient outcome overall.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1873 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Eduardo Ruiz-Hernandez: Role: Academic Editor
                Amelia Ultimo: Role: Academic Editor
                Luiza C. S. Erthal: Role: Academic Editor
                Jaehwi Lee: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmaceutics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmaceutics
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pharmaceutics
                Title: Pharmaceutics
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4923
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 June 2021
                Publication date Collection: July 2021
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 940
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; 3180101530@ 123456zju.edu.cn
                [2 ]Chu Kochen Honors College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; 3180103158@ 123456zju.edu.cn (Z.J.); 3180101531@ 123456zju.edu.cn (J.M.)
                [3 ]Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
                [4 ]College of Letters & Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; jerryding2022@ 123456berkeley.edu
                [5 ]Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: shenj@ 123456zucc.edu.cn (J.S.); wangqiwen@ 123456zju.edu.cn (Q.W.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-6725
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4255-3960
                Article
                Publisher ID: pharmaceutics-13-00940
                DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070940
                PMC ID: 8308943
                PubMed ID: 34202452
                SO-VID: 29416423-12a9-41cb-88de-ac168fa647df
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 May 2021
                Date accepted : 21 June 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: bacterial therapy,nanotechnology,drug and gene,delivery system,combinational therapy,cancer treatment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bacterial therapy, nanotechnology, drug and gene, delivery system, combinational therapy, cancer treatment

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