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      Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema in Robotic Sacrocolpopexy

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          Abstract

          Robotic sacrocolpopexy may increase insufflation complications including massive subcutaneous emphysema.

          Abstract

          The advent of robotic surgery has increased the popularity of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. Carbon dioxide insufflation, an essential component of laparoscopy, may rarely cause massive subcutaneous emphysema, which may be coincident with life-threatening situations such as hypercarbia, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. Although the literature contains several reports of massive subcutaneous emphysema after a variety of laparoscopic procedures, we were not able to identify any report of this complication associated with laparoscopic or robotic sacrocolpopexy. Massive subcutaneous emphysema occurred in 3 women after robotic sacrocolpopexy in our practice. The patients had remarkable but reversible physical deformities lasting up to 1 week. A valveless endoscopic dynamic pressure system was used in all 3 of our cases. Our objective is to define the risk of massive subcutaneous emphysema during robotic sacrocolpopexy in light of these cases and discuss probable predisposing factors including the use of valveless endoscopic dynamic pressure trocars.

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          Abdominal sacrocolpopexy: a comprehensive review.

          To summarize published data about abdominal sacrocolpopexy and to highlight areas about which data are lacking. We conducted a literature search on MEDLINE using Ovid and PubMed, from January,1966 to January, 2004, using search terms "sacropexy," "sacrocolpopexy," "sacral colpopexy," "colpopexy," "sacropexy," "colposacropexy," "abdominal sacrocolpopexy" "pelvic organ prolapse and surgery," and "vaginal vault prolapse or surgery" and included articles with English-language abstracts. We examined reference lists of published articles to identify other articles not found on the electronic search. We examined all studies identified in our search that provided any outcome data on sacrocolpopexy. Because of the substantial heterogeneity of outcome measures and follow-up intervals in case studies, we did not apply meta-analytic techniques to the data. Follow-up duration for most studies ranged from 6 months to 3 years. The success rate, when defined as lack of apical prolapse postoperatively, ranged from 78-100% and when defined as no postoperative prolapse, from 58-100%. The median reoperation rates for pelvic organ prolapse and for stress urinary incontinence in the studies that reported these outcomes were 4.4% (range 0-18.2%) and 4.9% (range 1.2% to 30.9%), respectively. The overall rate of mesh erosion was 3.4% (70 of 2,178). Some reports found more mesh erosions when concomitant total hysterectomy was done, whereas other reports did not. There were no data to either support or refute the contentions that concomitant culdoplasty or paravaginal repair decreased the risk of failure. Most authors recommended burying the graft under the peritoneum to attempt to decrease the risk of bowel obstruction; despite this, the median rate (when reported) of small bowel obstruction requiring surgery was 1.1% (range 0.6% to 8.6%). Few studies rigorously assessed pelvic symptoms, bowel function, or sexual function. Sacrocolpopexy is a reliable procedure that effectively and consistently resolves vaginal vault prolapse. Patients should be counseled about the low, but present risk, of reoperation for prolapse, stress incontinence, and complications. Prospective trials are needed to understand the effect of sacrocolpopexy on functional outcomes.
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            Risk factors for hypercarbia, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum during laparoscopy.

            To determine independent predictors for the development of hypercarbia, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum during laparoscopy. We reviewed 968 laparoscopic cases between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 1998. Patients who had hypercarbia (end-tidal carbon dioxide of 50 mmHg or greater), pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema were compared with controls according to age, operative time, type of surgery, extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal approach, preexisting medical conditions, body mass index, sex, use of Hasson technique, and number of surgical ports. Maximum positive end-tidal CO(2) (PETCO(2)) was added as an independent variable for subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and then subjected to multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression analysis. Incidence rates were 5.5% for hypercarbia, 2.3% for subcutaneous emphysema, and 1.9% for pneumothorax/ pneumomediastinum. Independent risk factors for development of hypercarbia were operative time greater than 200 minutes (odds ratio [OR] 2.02), patient age greater than 65 years (OR 2.19), and Nissen fundoplication surgery (OR 3.18). Predictors of the development of subcutaneous emphysema were PETCO(2) greater than 50 mmHg (OR 3.49), operative time greater than 200 minutes (OR 5.27), and the use of six or more surgical ports (OR 3.06). Variables that predicted the development of pneumothorax and/or pneumomediastinum were PETCO(2) greater than 50 mmHg (OR 4. 15) and operative time greater than 200 minutes (OR 20.49). Longer operative times, higher maximum measured end-tidal CO(2), greater number of surgical ports, older patient age, and Nissen fundoplication surgery predispose patients to hypercarbia-related complications during laparoscopy.
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              A new valve-less trocar for urologic laparoscopy: initial evaluation.

              Laparoscopic trocars typically maintain pneumoperitoneum using trap door valves and silicone seals. However, valves and seals hinder passage of instruments, cause lens smudging, trap specimens and needles being removed from the abdominal cavity, and lose their seal with repeated instrument exchange. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of a newly designed valve-less trocar. The valve-less trocar system creates a curtain of forced gas to maintain pneumoperitoneum. A separate unit filters smoke and recirculates captured escaping gas. The valve-less trocar was trialed in consecutive laparoscopic renal procedures of a single surgeon. Perioperative parameters and outcomes were collected and analyzed. The system's safety, advantages, and disadvantages were evaluated. Insufflation gas usage, elimination, and absorption were also measured. Twenty-five patients underwent laparoscopic renal procedures using the valve-less trocar system. The procedures included laparoscopic partial, radical, and donor nephrectomy. The mean patient age was 58.26 years. The mean operative time was 125 minutes and the mean drop in Hb for the cohort was 2.34 g/dL (range 0.4-5.4). Two patients developed subcutaneous emphysema and of the two patients, one developed clinically insignificant pneumomediastinum postoperatively. There were no postoperative complications. The surgeon noted that the use of a valve-less trocar decreased smudging of laparoscopes, expeditiously evacuated smoke during cauterization leading to improved visualization, maintained pneumoperitoneum even while suctioning, and resulted in easy extraction of specimens and needles. It was noted that insufflation gas consumption was low and CO(2) elimination was not impaired. Use of a valve-less trocar is safe. Decreased laparoscope smudging may translate into decreased operative times and reduced gas consumption may equate to cost savings. Additionally, its use brings several advantages and convenience to the operating surgeon. However, the system should be compared with conventional trocars prospectively to demonstrate clinical and economic benefit.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                JSLS
                JSLS
                jsls
                jsls
                JSLS
                JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
                Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons (Miami, FL )
                1086-8089
                1938-3797
                Apr-Jun 2013
                : 17
                : 2
                : 245-248
                Affiliations
                Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA.
                Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA.
                Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA.
                Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA.
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to: Oz Harmanli, MD, Director, Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery, Baystate Medical Center, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 759 Chestnut Street, S-1681, Springfield, MA 01199. Telephone: (413) 794-5608.
                Article
                12-07-139
                10.4293/108680813X13654754535151
                3771791
                23925018
                29447407-48b9-47b7-8042-e7f4c2144b94
                © 2013 by JSLS, Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/), which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way.

                History
                Categories
                Scientific Papers

                Surgery
                subcutaneous emphysema,sacrocolpopexy,robotic sacrocolpopexy,sacral colpopexy,laparoscopy,complications

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