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      Estudio caso-control de sangrados mayores cerrados en pacientes descoagulados con acenocumarol y heparina-no fraccionada Translated title: Major close space bleeding in patients on anticoagulation with acenocumarol (TAO) or non fractionned heparin (HS): a case-control study

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: Determinar las características de los episodios de sangrado mayor cerrado (SM). Valorar los controles de la anticoagulación mediante el INR del tiempo de protrombina (TP) y el tiempo de tromboplastina parcial (TTPA) durante los episodios. Analizar la mortalidad directamente relacionada con los episodios de SM. Comparar estos factores con un grupo control. Métodos: Estudio caso-control de los SM registrados en la base de datos de monitorización de los tratamientos anticoagulantes de nuestro centro desde enero de 1995 hasta diciembrede 2002. Se define caso como cualquier episodio de SM en paciente que recibiese tratamiento anticoagulante y control como cualquier paciente sin episodio previo o actual de SM al que se realizó una determinación de INRo TTPA el mismo día que el caso de SM, siempre que estuvieran emparejados por edad, sexo, tipo e indicación de tratamiento anticoagulante. Resultados: Análisis descriptivo: Desde enero 1995 a diciembre de 2002 se estudiaron de forma prospectiva 225 pacientes en tratamiento anticoagulante, de los cuales 75 fueron casos de SM y 155 controles. Durante este periodo se controlaron un total de 1650 pacientes por lo que la prevalencia de SM fue del 4,5%. Los motivos de descoagulación del total de 225 pacientes fueron: fibrilación auricular en 79 pacientes (35,3%), valvulopatías en 59 (25,9%), TVP-TEP en 48 (21,4%), miocardiopatía dilatada o isquémica en 26 (11,6%) y AVC en 13 (5,8%). La edad media de los casos fue de 70,5 años (DE 9,5) siendo mujeres 41 (55%). En el momento del sangrado 39 casos (52%) seguían tratamiento con TAO y 36 casos (48%) estaban tratados con HS. El INR medio en el momento del sangrado fue de 5,3 (DE 7,5) y el TTPA de 2,25 (DE 0,95). Tenían antecedentes de sangrado previo 24 (32%) de los casos. La localización del SM fue por orden de frecuencia: muscular (40%), sistema nervioso central (30,6%), retroperitoneal (18,6%) y articular (10,6%). Los pacientes tratados con TAO sangraron significativamente con más frecuencia en SNC mientras que los pacientes en tratamiento con HS lo hicieron en músculo o retroperitoneal (p < 0,0001). Murieron a causa del SM 11/75 casos (14,6%) y por otras razones 3 casos (4%). Análisis comparativo: El INR de los casos estaba dentro del rango terapéutico en el momento del sangrado en el 38.5% respecto del 75,3% de los controles (p < 0,0001). Se observaron diferencias significativas entre el valor de INR medio de casos (5,3 ± 7,5) y de controles (2,5 ± 0,95) con una p < 0,001 y no las hubo entre el TTPA de casos y controles. En el 32% de los casos existía un episodio de sangrado previo, antecedente que sólo tenían el 1,3% de los controles (p < 0,001) siendo éste un factor de riesgo independiente para un nuevo sangrado (RR = 34,5). La mortalidad global de los casos fue del 18,6% (14/75) mientras que en los controles fue del 11,4% (18/155); p = 0,01. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio los casos de SM tratados con TAO tiene controles de INR(TP) fuera de su rango terapéutico en una proporción mayor que los casos tratados con HS. El sangrado previo es un importante factor de riesgo para SM. El SM por TAO es tardío en el curso del tratamiento y predomina los episodios de sangrado a nivel del SNC mientras que en los pacientes tratados con HS el sangrado es a nivel muscular o retroperitoneal. La mortalidad directamente relacionada con el SM es del 14,6%. Una cuidadosa monitorización del INR del tiempo de protrombina se revela como única estrategia para disminuir el riesgo de sangrado.

          Translated abstract

          Objetive: To study the characteristics of major bleeding episodes into a closed space (BCS) of patients under chronic anticoagulation with either unfractionated heparin (HS) or coumadin (CM), and to determine the relationship, if any, of anticoagulation parameters (INR, PT and PTT) values at the time of bleeding with the episode. Finally, to determine risk factors for BCS and mortality in this population. Methods: Descriptive epidemiology of all cases of BCS seen in our hospital from 1995 to 2000 was obtained through the records and follow up visits of all patients under anticoagulation (HS or CM) during this period. A matched case-control study to determine risk factors for BCS was carried out. Cases and controls (1:2) were matched for age, gender, anticoagulant treatment and indication for anticoagulation. Cases were patients with a BCS while on anticoagulation (HS OR CM). Controls were patients under anticoagulation (HS or CM) without any bleeding episode during the study period that had anticoagulation parameter values (INR, PT or PTT) determined the very same day than the cases. Results: During the study period, 225 patients under anticoagulation were prospectively followed (75 cases and 150 controls) amid a total of 1650 patients under anticoagulation, for a 4.5% prevalence of BCS. Reasons for anticoagulation were: atrial fibrillation in 79 (35.3%), valvular heart disease in 59 (25.9%), pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis in 48 (21.4%), dilated cardiomyopathy in 26 (11.6%) and vascular cerebral stroke in 13 (5.8%). Mean age of cases was 70.5 (SD 9.5) years and 41 (55%) were women, values similar to the controls. At the time of BCS 39 patients were on CM and 36 on HS. The mean INR value in the CM group at the time of the episode of BCS was 5.3 (SD + 7.5) while the PTT value was 2,25 (SD 0.95) in the HS group. There was previous antecedent bleeding in 24 (32%) cases. The most common sites of BCS were: muscular (40%), CNS (30.6%), retroperitoneal (18,6%) and articular (10.6%). Muscular (abdominal or thoracic wall) and retroperitoneal BCS were higher in the HS group (10 and 12 in the HS group versus 5 and 2 in the CM group, respectively; p < 0.0001). In contrast, CNS bleeding was commoner in the CM group (20 in CM versus 3 in HS; p < 0.001). BCS related mortality rate was 14.6% (11/75) and higher in the CM group (p = 0.04). Comparative analysis of the case-control study revealed that anticoagulation values in the CM group at the time of bleeding were within the recommended range in 38.5% of cases vs. 75% of the controls (p < 0.001). Also, there were significant differences in mean INR values between cases and controls (5.3 + 7.5 vs. 2.6 + 0.9, p < 0.029) In the HS group no differences were present in PTT values at the time of bleeding between cases and controls. In BCS cases, a previous bleeding episode was more frequent than in the control group (32% versus 1.3%, p < 0.001). Likewise, mortality was higher in cases (18,6%) than in controls (11.4%), p = 0.01. Conclusions: In our study, the majority of patients under anticoagulation with CM had INR values above the recommended range at the time of BCS, in contrast with those on HS that had a PTT within the therapeutic range at the time of the BCS. A previous bleeding episode was an independent risk factor for a BCS episode. Bleeding was a late complication in the CM group and frequently in the CNS, while BCS was more frequently associated with muscular or retroperitoneal sites in the HS treated group. BCS related mortality was 15%. Close monitoring of INR is crucial to minimize bleeding complications.

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          Most cited references29

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          Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention.

          To review (1) the clinical epidemiology of bleeding during anticoagulant therapy with heparin or warfarin, (2) data useful in estimating the risk for bleeding in individual patients, and (3) the efficacy of methods for its prevention. Relevant literature was identified by a computerized search of the Medline database and by review of the bibliographies of original and review articles. Studies were classified according to their design. Estimates of the risk for bleeding during anticoagulant therapy, compared with the risk without therapy, were obtained from randomized trials. Estimates of the frequency of bleeding during the course of anticoagulant therapy and information about risk factors for bleeding were obtained primarily from longitudinal studies of inception cohorts of patients followed from the start of therapy. The average daily frequencies of fatal, major, and major or minor bleeding during heparin therapy were 0.05%, 0.8%, and 2.0%, respectively; these frequencies are approximately twice those expected without heparin therapy. The average annual frequencies of fatal, major, and major or minor bleeding during warfarin therapy were 0.6%, 3.0%, and 9.6%, respectively; these frequencies are approximately five times those expected without warfarin therapy. The risk for anticoagulant-related bleeding is highest at the start of therapy: during warfarin therapy, the risk for major bleeding during the first month of therapy is approximately 10 times the risk after the first year of therapy. An individual patient's risk for major anticoagulant-related bleeding can be estimated on the basis of specific risk factors such as the intensity of the anticoagulant effect achieved and the presence of serious comorbid diseases, especially cerebrovascular, kidney, heart, and liver disease; older age and concurrent medicines may also be independent risk factors. Major bleeding most often affects the gastrointestinal tract, soft tissues, and urinary tract. Diagnostic evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding and gross hematuria leads to identification of previously unknown lesions in approximately one-third of cases, even when the prothrombin time is elevated. Intracranial bleeding is rare, but it is frequently fatal. The frequency of bleeding during warfarin therapy is reduced by less intense therapy achieving a prothrombin time with an International Normalized Ratio of 2.0 to 3.0, which is efficacious for most indications. Anticoagulant-related bleeding is common and often serious. The risk for bleeding can be estimated in an individual patient, giving the primary physician a quantitative basis for weighing the risks and benefits of therapy and for optimizing patient management. The frequency of anticoagulant-related bleeding is reduced by less intense warfarin therapy. Future studies should evaluate new approaches to management that may further reduce complications while maintaining efficacy.
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            Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin.

            To explore the rational use of anticoagulants, especially among the elderly, balancing antithrombotic efficacy and risk for hemorrhage. Previous prospective studies have not provided powerful assessments of risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage, the dominant complication in reversing the anticoagulant decision. Case-control analysis. A large general hospital and its anticoagulant therapy unit. 121 consecutive adult patients taking warfarin who were hospitalized with intracranial hemorrhage were each matched to three contemporaneous controls randomly selected from among outpatients managed by our hospital anticoagulant therapy unit. 77 patients had intracerebral hemorrhage (46% fatal) and 44 had subdural hemorrhage (20% fatal). The prothrombin time ratio (PTR) was the dominant risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage. For each 0.5 increase in PTR over the entire range, the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage doubled (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.9). For subdural hemorrhage, the risk was unchanged over the PTR range from 1.0 to 2.0 but rose dramatically above a PTR of 2.0 (approximate international normalized ratio, 4.0). Age was the only other significant independent risk factor for subdural hemorrhage (odds ratio, 2.0 per decade; CI, 1.3 to 3.1). For intracerebral hemorrhage, age was of borderline significance (odds ratio, 1.3 per decade; CI, 1.0 to 1.6) after controlling for PTR and the two other independent risk factors: history of cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio, 3.1; CI, 1.7 to 5.6) and presence of a prosthetic heart valve (odds ratio, 2.8; CI, 1.3 to 5.8). The results emphasize the importance of maintaining the prothrombin time ratios under 2.0 and the need for especially careful use of warfarin in the elderly.
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              A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparine ou Heparine Standard: Evaluations dans l'Embolie Pulmonaire.

              Low-molecular-weight heparin appears to be at least as effective and safe as standard, unfractionated heparin for the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis, but only limited data are available on the use of low-molecular-weight heparin to treat acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. We randomly assigned 612 patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism who did not require thrombolytic therapy or embolectomy to either subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (tinzaparin) given once daily in a fixed dose or adjusted-dose, intravenous unfractionated heparin. Oral anticoagulant therapy was begun between the first and the third day and was given for at least three months. We compared the treatments at day 8 and day 90 with respect to a combined end point of recurrent thromboembolism, major bleeding, and death. In the first eight days of treatment, 9 of 308 patients assigned to receive unfractionated heparin (2.9 percent) reached at least one of the end points, as compared,with 9 of 304 patients assigned to low-molecular-weight heparin (3.0 percent; absolute difference, 0.1 percentage point; 95 percent confidence interval, -2.7 to 2.6). By day 90, 22 patients assigned to unfractionated heparin (7.1 percent) and 18 patients assigned to low-molecular-weight heparin (5.9 percent) had reached at least one end point (P=0.54; absolute difference, 1.2 percentage points; 95 percent confidence interval, -2.7 to 5.1). The risk of major bleeding was similar in the two treatment groups throughout the study. Under the conditions of this study, initial subcutaneous therapy with the low-molecular-weight heparin tinzaparin appeared to be as effective and safe as intravenous unfractionated heparin in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ami
                Anales de Medicina Interna
                An. Med. Interna (Madrid)
                Arán Ediciones, S. L. (Madrid )
                0212-7199
                January 2008
                : 25
                : 1
                : 9-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Mutua de Terrasa
                [2 ] Hospital Mutua de Terrasa
                Article
                S0212-71992008000100003
                10.4321/s0212-71992008000100003
                29454157-968a-489f-9985-b63d5bcf4cb7

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Major bleeding episodes,Patients anticoagulation,Acenocumarol,Unfractionated heparin,Episodios de sangrados cerrados,Pacientes descoagulados,Heparina no fraccionada

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