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      Prevalence of female genital cutting among Egyptian girls Translated title: Prévalence des mutilations génitales féminines chez les filles en Egypte Translated title: Prevalencia de la mutilación genital femenina entre las niñas en Egipto

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. In Egypt, the result of the Demographic Health Survey in 2000 revealed that 97% of married women included in the survey experienced FGC. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of FGC among schoolgirls in Egypt. METHODS: Multistage random technique was applied for site selection. First, Egypt was divided into five geographical areas; Greater Cairo, Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, Sinai and Suez Canal Region. Second, from each governorate, two educational districts were selected randomly (except Luxor). In each of the selected districts, the schools were divided into primary, preparatory and secondary schools. In each education stage, the schools were divided into rural, urban, government and private. The total number of females interviewed was 38 816. FINDINGS: The prevalence of FGC among schoolgirls in Egypt was 50.3%. The prevalence of FGC was 46.2% in government urban schools, 9.2% in private urban schools and 61.7% in rural schools. Educational levels of mother and father were negatively associated with FGC (P < 0.001). The mean age of the time of FGC was 10.1 ± 2.3 years. CONCLUSION: FGC prevalence is lowering, yet more active education at the grass-roots level is needed to create change.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Les mutilations génitales féminines (MGF) désignent l'ensemble des pratiques traditionnelles comprenant une excision partielle ou totale des organes génitaux externes féminins pour des motifs non thérapeutiques culturels ou autres. En Egypte, l'enquête démographique et sanitaire menée en 2000 a révélé que 97 % des femmes mariées ayant participé à l'enquête avaient subi des MGF. L'objectif de la présente étude est de mesurer la prévalence de ces mutilations chez les écolières égyptiennes. MÉTHODES: On a appliqué une méthode de sondage aléatoire sur plusieurs niveaux pour sélectionner les sites. On a commencé par diviser l'Egypte en cinq zones géographiques : Grand Caire, Basse Egypte, Haute Egypte, Sinaï et Région du Canal de Suez. En second lieu, on a sélectionné au hasard, dans chaque gouvernorat, deux districts académiques (sauf celui de Louxor). Puis, dans chacun de ces districts, on a réparti les écoles en établissements primaires, préparatoires et secondaires. Pour chaque niveau d'enseignement, on a classé les écoles en établissements ruraux, urbains, publics et privés. Au total, 38 816 filles ont été interrogées. RÉSULTATS: La prévalence des MGF parmi les écolières égyptiennes était en moyenne de 50,3 %. Elle était plus précisément de 46,2 % chez les écolières du secteur public urbain, de 9,2 % chez celles du secteur privé urbain et de 61,7 % chez celles des écoles rurales. Il existait une association négative entre les niveaux d'éducation de la mère et du père et la prévalence des MGF (p < 0,001). Les MGF avaient été subies en moyenne à 10,1 ± 2,3 ans. CONCLUSION: La prévalence des MGF est en baisse, néanmoins une éducation plus active à la base est nécessaire pour faire changer les choses.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: El concepto de mutilación genital femenina (MGF) abarca en general las prácticas tradicionales que entrañan la ablación parcial o total de los genitales externos femeninos por razones no terapéuticas, culturales o de otro tipo. En Egipto, el resultado de la Encuesta de Demografía y Salud realizada en 2000 reveló que un 97% de las mujeres casadas participantes en la encuesta habían sufrido MGF. El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la prevalencia de MGF entre las escolares de Egipto. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó un método de muestreo aleatorizado polietápico para seleccionar los sitios. Primero, el país se dividió en cinco zonas geográficas: área metropolitana de El Cairo, Bajo Egipto, Alto Egipto, Sinaí y región del Canal de Suez. Segundo, en cada prefectura se seleccionaron al azar dos distritos educativos (excepto Luxor). En cada uno de los distritos seleccionados, las escuelas se clasificaron en primarias, preparatorias y secundarias. En cada nivel educativo, las escuelas se clasificaron en rurales, urbanas, públicas y privadas. El número total de mujeres entrevistadas fue de 38 816. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de MGF entre las escolares de Egipto era del 50,3%. El porcentaje era de un 46,2% en las escuelas públicas urbanas, 9,2% en las escuelas privadas urbanas, y 61,7% en las escuelas rurales. Los niveles educativos de la madre y el padre estaban inversamente relacionados con la MGF (P < 0,001). La edad media en el momento de la MGF fue de 10,1 ± 2,3 años. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de la MGF está disminuyendo, pero se requiere una educación más activa a nivel popular para propiciar los cambios necesarios.

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          Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation.

          This pilot study investigated the mental health status of women after genital mutilation. Although experts have assumed that circumcised women are more prone to developing psychiatric illnesses than the general population, there has been little research to confirm this claim. It was predicted that female genital mutilation is associated with a high rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The psychological impact of female genital mutilation was assessed in 23 circumcised Senegalese women in Dakar. Twenty-four uncircumcised Senegalese women served as comparison subjects. A neuropsychiatric interview and further questionnaires were used to assess traumatization and psychiatric illnesses. The circumcised women showed a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD (30.4%) and other psychiatric syndromes (47.9%) than the uncircumcised women. PTSD was accompanied by memory problems. Within the circumcised group, a mental health problem exists that may furnish the first evidence of the severe psychological consequences of female genital mutilation.
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            Female genital mutilation in the context of migration: experience of African women with the Swiss health care system.

            In contrast to other European countries, the Swiss health care system does not deal with the specific needs of women with female genital mutilation (FGM) in a consistent manner, though migrants from countries where FGM is commonly practised are living in Switzerland. For this study, the interaction of women who had undergone FGM, with the Swiss health services was analysed both from the perspective of the women concerned and that of health care professionals (doctors and midwives). The methods used were mainly qualitative, including focus group discussions with 29 women from Somalia and Eritrea and telephone interviews with 37 health care professionals. It is estimated that some 6000 girls and women with FGM could be living in Switzerland. The fact that health care providers rarely see such patients and the absence of professional guidelines give rise to misunderstandings. Counselling of the women is often inadequate, and there is a striking lack of communication about FGM between health care providers and users, as well as within the women's communities. As a surprising finding, reinfibulation is carried out in Switzerland when requested by the patient. This study shows that at present the specific gynaecological and obstetric health care needs of migrant women who have undergone FGM are not adequately addressed in the Swiss health system. The situation could be easily improved by taking into consideration the fairly simple measures suggested by the women and the health care providers taking part in this study. Due to international migration, female genital mutilation (FGM) has become an issue of increasing concern in host countries such as Switzerland. Objectives of this study were to analyze how immigrant women with FGM experience gynaecological/obstetrical care in the Swiss health care system, and to investigate if gynaecologists/obstetricians and midwives treat and counsel FGM related complications adequately. Specific health care needs of women with FGM should--and easily could--be better considered by the Swiss health care system. Recommended measures include capacity building and professional guidelines on FGM for health care providers; and access to culturally appropriate information and self-help groups for the communities concerned.
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              Female genital mutilation in Nigeria.

              M Mandara (2004)
              To determine the prevalence and distribution of female genital mutilation (FGM) procedures in a Nigerian population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                April 2008
                : 86
                : 4
                : 269-274
                Affiliations
                [02] Cairo orgnameHealth Insurance Organization Egypt
                [01] Cairo orgnameAin Shams University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine Egypt
                [03] Cairo orgnameMinistry of Health and Population Egypt
                Article
                S0042-96862008000400011 S0042-9686(08)08600411
                10.2471/BLT.07.042093
                295404ec-71db-48bc-a8e4-8c6caee22b83

                History
                : 10 July 2007
                : 16 June 2007
                : 16 March 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 6
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
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