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      As Artes na Educação Médica: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura Translated title: Arts in Medical Education: a Systematic Literature Review

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Introdução A introdução das artes no currículo médico tem despertado interesse crescente, uma vez que estas apresentam qualidades únicas que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento dos aspectos sociais da prática médica, oferecendo maneiras novas e distintas de exploração do conhecimento e da identidade profissional. Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da utilização das artes no currículo médico por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. Metodologia As bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO, PubMed e Eric foram pesquisadas para artigos publicados sobre estudos que tentaram avaliar a eficácia de uma abordagem baseada em artes na educação médica de graduação. Outros artigos foram identificados por meio de busca ativa. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores (art or visual arts or paintings or literature or narrative or poetry or theatre or movies or films or cinema) AND (medical education or medical student or medical curriculum). Foram incluídos somente os artigos cujo estudo foi realizado com estudantes de Medicina e cuja eficácia da intervenção foi avaliada por comparação entre grupos (estudos quantitativos) ou pela satisfação do estudante de Medicina por questionário (estudos qualitativos). Os artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra por dois pesquisadores, de modo a identificar o tipo de arte utilizada na intervenção, o autor, a amostra, a metodologia e a conclusão sobre a atividade relatada. Resultados Foram incluídos 28 artigos no estudo, distribuídos de acordo com o tipo de arte utilizada: (n = 16) artes visuais; (n = 6) literatura; (n = 3) teatro; (n = 3) cinema. As competências educacionais sensíveis às artes relatadas nos estudos avaliados foram: habilidades de observação diagnóstica, trabalho em equipe, reflexão e argumentação; facilitar o aprendizado cognitivo; aspectos humanísticos da medicina (empatia/relação médico-paciente); profissionalismo. Alguns estudos afirmam que as intervenções baseadas em artes são eficazes na alteração de atitudes, entretanto não definiram como esse sucesso foi medido. Nenhum estudo considera os efeitos sobre o comportamento. As evidências para o uso de intervenções baseadas em artes para promover habilidades de observação diagnóstica mostraram ser mais fortes. No entanto, seu efeito em outras habilidades clínicas não foi estudado. Conclusão A arte pode ser uma estratégia facilitadora do aprendizado, uma vez que auxilia o estudante a lidar com a complexidade do ser humano e da saúde humana. Este conhecimento mais amplo sobre a saúde e a doença pode levar à melhoria da relação médico-paciente na prática clínica. Entretanto, devido à natureza qualitativa da maioria dos estudos, baseados principalmente na opinião do estudante sobre as modificações ocorridas em suas atitudes, a eficácia das intervenções nem sempre foi efetivamente demonstrada.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction The introduction of the arts into the medical curriculum has sparked increasing interest since they present unique qualities that can aid in the development of the social aspects of medical practice, offering new and distinctive ways of exploring knowledge and professional identity. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the arts in the medical curriculum, through a bibliographical review. Methodology The Lilacs, Scielo, PubMed and Eric databases were searched for published articles on studies that attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of an arts-based approach in undergraduate medical education. Other articles were identified through active searching. The following descriptors (art or visual arts or paintings or literature or narrative or poetry or theatre or movies or films or cinema) AND (medical education or medical student or medical curriculum) were used. We included only articles related to studies that were conducted with medical students and which evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention by comparison between groups (quantitative studies) or by medical student satisfaction by questionnaire (qualitative studies). The selected articles were read in full in order to identify the type of art used in the intervention, the author, the sample, the methodology and the conclusion about the reported activity. Results A total of 28 articles were included in the study, distributed according to the type of art used: (n = 16) visual arts; (n = 6) literature; (n = 3) theater; (n = 3) cinema. The arts-sensitive educational skills reported in the studies evaluated were: skills diagnostic observation, teamwork, reflection and argumentation; facilitating cognitive learning; humanistic aspects of medicine (empathy / patient medical relationship); professionalism. Some studies state that arts-based interventions are effective at changing attitudes; however, they did not define how this success was measured. No study considers the effects on behavior. Evidence for the use of arts-based interventions to promote diagnostic observation skills has been shown to be stronger. However, its effect on other clinical skills has not been studied. Conclusion Art can represent a strategy to facilitate learning, since it helps the student to deal with human complexity and health. This broader understanding of health and illness can lead to improved physician-patient relationships in clinical practice. However, due to the qualitative nature of most of the studies, based mainly on the student’s opinion of the changes in their attitudes, the effectiveness of the interventions has not always been effectively demonstrated.

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          Formal art observation training improves medical students' visual diagnostic skills.

          Despite evidence of inadequate physical examination skills among medical students, teaching these skills has declined. One method of enhancing inspection skills is teaching "visual literacy," the ability to reason physiology and pathophysiology from careful and unbiased observation. To improve students' visual acumen through structured observation of artworks, understanding of fine arts concepts and applying these skills to patient care. Prospective, partially randomized pre- vs. post-course evaluation using mixed-methods data analysis. Twenty-four pre-clinical student participants were compared to 34 classmates at a similar stage of training. Training the Eye: Improving the Art of Physical Diagnosis consists of eight paired sessions of art observation exercises with didactics that integrate fine arts concepts with physical diagnosis topics and an elective life drawing session. The frequency of accurate observations on a 1-h visual skills examination was used to evaluate pre- vs. post-course descriptions of patient photographs and art imagery. Content analysis was used to identify thematic categories. All assessments were blinded to study group and pre- vs. post-course evaluation. Following the course, class participants increased their total mean number of observations compared to controls (5.41 +/- 0.63 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.53, p < 0.0001) and had increased sophistication in their descriptions of artistic and clinical imagery. A 'dose-response' was found for those who attended eight or more sessions, compared to participants who attended seven or fewer sessions (6.31 + 0.81 and 2.76 + 1.2, respectively, p = 0.03). This interdisciplinary course improved participants' capacity to make accurate observations of art and physical findings.
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            Teaching empathy to first year medical students: evaluation of an elective literature and medicine course.

            Empathy is critical to the development of professionalism in medical students, and the humanities-particularly literature-have been touted as an effective tool for increasing student empathy. This quantitative/qualitative study was undertaken to assess whether reading and discussing poetry and prose related to patients and doctors could significantly increase medical student empathy and appreciation of the relevance of the humanities for their own professional development. In 2000-2001, first year students (n=22) volunteered for an eight-session literature and medicine elective and were randomly assigned to either immediate participation in the class or a wait-list group, who participated in the same class 6 months later. Complete pre- and post-intervention data for 16 students from both groups were obtained for two quantitative measures of empathy and an attitudes-toward-the-humanities scale. Students also participated in a qualitative group interview pre- and post-intervention. Empathy and attitudes toward the humanities improved significantly (p or =0.60 standard deviation units) for both measures that had statistically significant pre-to-post changes. Furthermore, student understanding of the patient's perspective became more detailed and complex after the intervention. Students were also more likely post-intervention to note ways reading literature could help them cope with training-related stress. A brief literature-based course can contribute to greater student empathy and appreciation for the value of humanities in medical education.
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              Use of fine art to enhance visual diagnostic skills.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbem
                Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica
                Rev. bras. educ. med.
                Associação Brasileira de Educação Médica (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0100-5502
                1981-5271
                December 2019
                : 43
                : 4
                : 54-64
                Affiliations
                [2] Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade José do Rosário Vellano Brazil
                [1] São João Del Rey Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de São João del-Rei Brazil
                Article
                S0100-55022019000400054
                10.1590/1981-52712015v43n4rb20180146
                295bcf80-0f47-4a12-8bf7-17164fdfee3b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 November 2018
                : 01 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigo Original

                Educação médica,Artes,Currículo,Medical education,Arts,Curriculum

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