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      Assessing trade-offs in large marine protected areas

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          Abstract

          Large marine protected areas (LMPAs) are increasingly being established and have a high profile in marine conservation. LMPAs are expected to achieve multiple objectives, and because of their size are postulated to avoid trade-offs that are common in smaller MPAs. However, evaluations across multiple outcomes are lacking. We used a systematic approach to code several social and ecological outcomes of 12 LMPAs. We found evidence of three types of trade-offs: trade-offs between different ecological resources (supply trade-offs); trade-offs between ecological resource conditions and the well-being of resource users (supply-demand trade-offs); and trade-offs between the well-being outcomes of different resource users (demand trade-offs). We also found several divergent outcomes that were attributed to influences beyond the scope of the LMPA. We suggest that despite their size, trade-offs can develop in LMPAs and should be considered in planning and design. LMPAs may improve their performance across multiple social and ecological objectives if integrated with larger-scale conservation efforts.

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          A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems.

          A major problem worldwide is the potential loss of fisheries, forests, and water resources. Understanding of the processes that lead to improvements in or deterioration of natural resources is limited, because scientific disciplines use different concepts and languages to describe and explain complex social-ecological systems (SESs). Without a common framework to organize findings, isolated knowledge does not cumulate. Until recently, accepted theory has assumed that resource users will never self-organize to maintain their resources and that governments must impose solutions. Research in multiple disciplines, however, has found that some government policies accelerate resource destruction, whereas some resource users have invested their time and energy to achieve sustainability. A general framework is used to identify 10 subsystem variables that affect the likelihood of self-organization in efforts to achieve a sustainable SES.
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            The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery

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              Hard choices: Making trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and human well-being

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                18 April 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 4
                : e0195760
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada
                [2 ] Environmental Change and Governance Group, School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
                [3 ] The Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
                [4 ] Stanford University, Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford, California, United States of America
                [5 ] Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
                [6 ] Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
                [7 ] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
                [8 ] Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
                [9 ] Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
                University of Sydney, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                [¤]

                Current address: BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2535-1328
                Article
                PONE-D-17-34967
                10.1371/journal.pone.0195760
                5905982
                29668750
                297935fe-7798-4279-b8c8-c1cd6e29a178
                © 2018 Davies et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 27 September 2017
                : 28 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000155, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada;
                Award ID: 435-2013-0059
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada;
                Award ID: 435785
                Award Recipient :
                NCB thanks the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada ( http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca; 435-2013-0059), and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ( http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca; 435785) for support.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Fisheries Science
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Fisheries Science
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Marine Ecology
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Marine Ecology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Ecology
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Ecology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fish
                Marine Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Conservation Science
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Conservation
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Conservation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Coral Reefs
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Coral Reefs
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Reefs
                Coral Reefs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biogeography
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Biogeography
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Biogeography
                Custom metadata
                Data of coded case-studies can be viewed at: https://sesmad.dartmouth.edu/ses_cases.

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