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      Bioceramics in endodontics – a review

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          Abstract

          Bioceramics are materials which include Alumina, Zirconia, Bioactive glass, Glass ceramics, Hydroxyapatite, resorbable Calcium phosphates, among others. They have been used in dentistry for filling up bony defects, root repair materials, apical fill materials, perforation sealing, as endodontic sealers and as aids in regeneration. They have certain advantages like biocompatibility, non toxicity, dimensional stability and most importantly in endodontic applications, being bio-inert. They have a similarity to Hydroxyapatite, an intrinsic osteo conductive activity and have an ability to induce regenerative responses in the human body. In Endodontics, they can be broadly classified into Calcium Phosphate/ Tricalcium/ Hydroxyapatite based, Calcium Silicate based or mixtures of Calcium Silicate and Phosphates. This review focuses on an overview of Bioceramics, classification and their advantages. It also gives a detailed insight into individual bioceramic materials currently used in the fields of Endodontics along with their properties and applications.

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          Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--Part III: Clinical applications, drawbacks, and mechanism of action.

          Masoud Parirokh, Mahmoud Torabinejad (2010)
          Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been recommended for various uses in endodontics. Two previous publications provided a comprehensive list of articles from November 1993-September 2009 regarding the chemical and physical properties, sealing ability, antibacterial activity, leakage, and biocompatibility of MTA. The purpose of Part III of this literature review is to present a comprehensive list of articles regarding animal studies, clinical applications, drawbacks, and mechanism of action of MTA. A review of the literature was performed by using electronic and hand-searching methods for the clinical applications of MTA in experimental animals and humans as well as its drawbacks and mechanism of action from November 1993-September 2009. MTA is a promising material for root-end filling, perforation repair, vital pulp therapy, and apical barrier formation for teeth with necrotic pulps and open apexes. Despite the presence of numerous case reports and case series regarding these applications, there are few designed research studies regarding clinical applications of this material. MTA has some known drawbacks such as a long setting time, high cost, and potential of discoloration. Hydroxyapatite crystals form over MTA when it comes in contact with tissue synthetic fluid. This can act as a nidus for the formation of calcified structures after the use of this material in endodontic treatments. On the basis of available information, it appears that MTA is the material of choice for some clinical applications. More clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy compared with other materials. Copyright (c) 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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            Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--part II: leakage and biocompatibility investigations.

            Mahmoud Torabinejad, Masoud Parirokh (2010)
            Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was developed because existing materials did not have the ideal characteristics for orthograde or retrograde root-end fillings. MTA has been recommended primarily as a root-end filling material, but it has also been used in pulp capping, pulpotomy, apical barrier formation in teeth with open apexes, repair of root perforations, and root canal filling. Part I of this literature review presented a comprehensive list of articles regarding the chemical and physical properties as well as the antibacterial activity of MTA. The purpose of part II of this review is to present a comprehensive list of articles regarding the sealing ability and biocompatibility of this material. A review of the literature was performed by using electronic and hand-searching methods for the sealing ability and biocompatibility of MTA from November 1993-September 2009. Numerous studies have investigated the sealing ability and biocompatibility of MTA. On the basis of available evidence it appears that MTA seals well and is a biocompatible material. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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              Mineral trioxide aggregate material use in endodontic treatment: a review of the literature.

              David W Berzins, J. Toth, Seán G. Roberts … (2008)
              The purpose of this paper was to review the composition, properties, biocompatibility, and the clinical results involving the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) materials in endodontic treatment. Electronic search of scientific papers from January 1990 to August 2006 was accomplished using PubMed and Scopus search engines (search terms: MTA, GMTA, WMTA, mineral AND trioxide AND aggregate). Selected exclusion criteria resulted in 156 citations from the scientific, peer-reviewed dental literature. MTA materials are derived from a Portland cement parent compound and have been demonstrated to be biocompatible endodontic repair materials, with its biocompatible nature strongly suggested by its ability to form hydroxyappatite when exposed to physiologic solutions. With some exceptions, MTA materials provide better microleakage protection than traditional endodontic repair materials using dye, fluid filtration, and bacterial penetration leakage models. In both animal and human studies, MTA materials have been shown to have excellent potential as pulp-capping and pulpotomy medicaments but studies with long-term follow-up are limited. Preliminary studies suggested a favorable MTA material use as apical and furcation restorative materials as well as medicaments for apexogenesis and apexification treatments; however, long-term clinical studies are needed in these areas. MTA materials have been shown to have a biocompatible nature and have excellent potential in endodontic use. MTA materials are a refined Portland cement material and the substitution of Portland cement for MTA products is presently discouraged. Existing human studies involving MTA materials are very promising, however, insufficient randomized, double-blind clinical studies of sufficient duration exist involving MTA for all of its clinical indications. Further clinical studies are needed in these areas.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Istanb Univ Fac Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Istanb Univ Fac Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): J. Istanb. Univ. Fac. Dent.
                Journal ID (hwp): jiufd
                Journal ID (pmc): jiufd
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IUFD
                Title: Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry
                Publisher: Istanbul University Faculty of Dentisty (Istanbul, Turkey )
                ISSN (Print): 2149-2352
                ISSN (Electronic): 2149-4592
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 December 2017
                Volume: 51
                Issue: 3 Suppl 1
                Pages: S128-S137
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dept of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics,Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
                [2 ]Private practice, Pune, Maharashtra, India
                Author notes
                [* ]To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Srinidhi Surya Raghavendra eduDept of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital Pune, Maharashtra, India Phone:+91 9372342232 srinidhi73@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: jiufd-51-3-s545
                DOI: 10.17096/jiufd.63659
                PMC ID: 5750835
                PubMed ID: 29354316
                SO-VID: 29975497-8e6e-4e3f-b960-4eddf7fb46cd
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2017 Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry
                License:

                This article is licensed under Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the journal endorses its use. The material cannot be used for commercial purposes. If the user remixes, transforms, or builds upon the material, he/she may not distribute the modified material. No warranties are given. The license may not give the user all of the permissions necessary for his/her intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how the material can be used.

                Categories
                Subject: Articles
                Subject: Biological Sciences
                Subject: Dentistry

                Keywords: bioceramics,bioactive glass,calcium phosphate,calcium silicate,hydroxyapatite
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bioceramics, bioactive glass, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, hydroxyapatite

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