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      Programa MIR. ¿De dónde venimos? Translated title: MIR program. Where do we come from?

      research-article
      Angiología
      Arán Ediciones S.L.
      Medical resident, Residency, Training, Surgery, Médico residente, Residencia, Formación, Cirugía

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          Abstract

          Resumen En 1976 se implantó el sistema formativo MIR (médicos internos residentes) en España. Su aceptación y sus resultados han sido un éxito. Sin embargo, hemos vivido momentos de incertidumbre (por ejemplo, la fallida implantación del proyecto de troncalidad) y conflicto (por ejemplo, la prueba de acceso, el método de elección de plazas, etc.). En tiempos en los que se reflexiona sobre cambiar la estructura o los contenidos de la formación médica especializada parece útil recordar de dónde venimos. Conocer el prototipo de residencia quirúrgica tradicional permite reflexionar y tomar decisiones. El sistema MIR español es una extrapolación del modelo norteamericano de “aprender trabajando”. En 1889 nació el primer programa moderno de residencia quirúrgica, desarrollado bajo la influencia de William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) en el hospital Johns Hopkins (Baltimore, Maryland, Estados Unidos). El concepto de residencia de Halsted, muy influido por sus experiencias y su personalidad, era muy rígido (sistema piramidal) y severo (muchos años y a tiempo completo). No obstante, logró excelentes resultados académicos entre sus discípulos, muchos de los cuales superaron al maestro. Ellos difundieron el modelo hastediano de residencia por toda Norteamérica. La adaptación del modelo residencial “tipo Halsted” ha sido la base de los programas formativos de excelencia que actualmente existen.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract In 1976 the MIR training system (resident intern medical) was introduced in Spain. Its acceptance and results have been a success. However, we have experienced moments of uncertainty (e.g. failed implementation of the trunk project) and conflict (e.g. entrance exam, method of choice of places, etc.). In times when it is considered to change the structure and/or contents of specialized medical training, it seems useful to remember where we come from. Knowing the prototype of the classic surgical residency allows you to reflect and make decisions. The Spanish MIR system is an extrapolation of the North American model of “learn by working”. In 1889 the first modern surgical residency program was born, developed under the influence of William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) at Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, Maryland, USA). Halsted's concept of residence, greatly influenced by his experiences and personality, was very rigid (pyramidal system) and severe (many years and full time). However, he achieved excellent academic results among his disciples, many of whom surpassed the teacher; they spread the Hastedian model of residence throughout North America. The adaptation of the residential model “Halsted type” has been the basis of the training programs of excellence that currently exist.

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          Most cited references15

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          William Stewart Halsted. Our surgical heritage.

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            The training of the surgeon

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              Evidence in surgical training – a review

              Abstract The first residency programs for surgical training were introduced in Germany in the late 1880s and adopted in 1889 by William Halsted in the United States [Cameron JL. William Stewart Halsted. Our surgical heritage. Ann Surg 1997;225:445–58.]. Since then, surgical education has evolved from a sheer volume of exposure to structured curricula, and at the moment, due to work time restrictions, surgical education is discussed on an international level. The reported effect of limited working hours on operative case volume has been variable [McKendy KM, Watanabe Y, Lee L, Bilgic E, Enani G, Feldman LS, et al. Perioperative feedback in surgical training: a systematic review. Am J Surg 2017;214:117–26.]. Experienced surgeons fear that residents do not have sufficient exposure to standard procedures. This may reduce the residents’ responsibility for the treatment of the patient and even lead to a reduced autonomy at the end of the residency. Surgical education does not only require learning the technical skills but also human factors as well as interdisciplinary and interprofessional handling. When analyzing international surgical curricula, major differences even between countries of the European Union with more or less strict curricula can be found. Thus far, there is no study that analyzes the educational program of different countries, so there is no evidence which educational system is superior. There is also little evidence to distinguish the good from the average surgeon or the junior surgeons’ progress during his residency training. Although some evaluation tools are already available, the lack of resources of most teaching hospitals often results in not using these tools as long it is not mandatory by a governmental program. Because of decreased working hours, increasing hospital costs, and increasing jurisdictional restrictions, teaching hospitals and teachers will have to change their sentiments and focus on their way of surgical education before governmental regulations will emerge leading to more regulation in surgical education. Some learning tools such as simulation, electronic learning, augmented reality, or virtual reality for a timely, sufficient and up to date surgical education. However, research and evidence for existing and novel learning tools will have to increase in the next years to allow surgical education for the future generation of surgeons around the world.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                June 2022
                : 74
                : 3
                : 108-114
                Affiliations
                [1] Salamanca orgnameUniversidad de Salamanca (USAL) orgdiv1Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA). Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL) orgdiv2Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular Spain
                Article
                S0003-31702022000300108 S0003-3170(22)07400300108
                10.20960/angiologia.00369
                29b81028-9dae-4411-8fcb-4b088ab4f736

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 November 2021
                : 22 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos Especiales

                Cirugía,Formación,Residencia,Médico residente,Surgery,Training,Residency,Medical resident

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